Dream Analysis Essay Example for Free

Dream Analysis Essay derriere customer may change/remove his/her name here has a military background and has spent his puerility in a boarding school. Over all told, his childhood was happy and content and his favorite toys to play were trucks which he several(prenominal)times even wanted to build out of jog wooden logs and old tires. For the past couple of days John has been having a few recurrent dreams.In the following discourse of dream digest and analysis on the basis of psychoanalytic personalizedity theory, it will be examined how the fascinating world of the unconscious portrays to the conscious world a glimpse of that infinite humankind that resides inside each and every one of us. Every night John dreams that he is being chased by a figure in a hooded cloak and pertinacious hair that suddenly fades into a doorsill which he shag non open.Bizarre as it may come along, John walks into the door and there is darkness over but as soon as there is enough light for him to see, he realizes that he is walking on water and there be ships all around him. Without furtherance, the dream ends and John wakes up confused and worried. John can neither comprehend the worry he has nor can he understand the unexpended turn of events in his dream. It is often said that each human being is a tiny universe within himself or herself.Each person has within him/her a great constellation of ideas, feelings, emotions, wants, needs and many other such aspects which make the person unique and individual and thus even a unmarried case study can prove to be a study of a lifetime. The dream is a little hidden door in the inward and most secret recesses of the soul, opening into that cosmic night which was psyche long before there was any ego-consciousness, and which will remain psyche no press how far our ego-consciousness extends. These enunciates belonged to this very noted and lauded psychoanalyst, Carl Gustav Jung, a proponent of Analytical Psychology and th e inventor of the famous terms of today such as corporal unconscious, archetypes and persona. In the therapy, Jungs methodology of treatment worked on the pro plant principles of word knowledges, free associations, dream analysis, transference and counter-transference. Dreams remained, however, one of the most portentous works of Jung since there had been little work done on it since Freud.Jungs therapeutic proficiencys and analysis of dreams provide a much more than culturally adequate and avid interpretations that cover a great breadth of subjects and ideas. Whereas Freud would interpret dreams as a royal road to the unconscious that mostly leads to sexual discussions of a male-dominated structure, Jungs discussion would profit the reader more in terms of how rich his theory is with motifs from all across the world. He had the cultural and cognitive openness to invite ideas and patterns from cultures which belonged to distant lands as well as to designs which were close to h is own religion, nation and race.His theory of personality speaks of not simplistic desires of sex and aggression kind of it takes a comprehensive look at the various types of personality in terms of their functions. According to Jungs theory, personalities are categorized in both extroverted and oriented toward essential experiences (Miller 2004). Dreams are not looked up by a codebook, dictionary or even an almanac. You cannot have a standard glossary of dreams (Coolidge, 2006) which can simply complete to you the exact source and destination of your dream.Even the most simplest of psychoanalysis would require a complete case study of the person and delve into the backgrounds and relationships of the dreamer rather than arbitrary guesswork. Nobody doubts the importance of conscious experience why then should we doubt the significance of unconscious happenings? They are also the discover of our life, and sometimes more truly a pert of it for weal or woe than any happenings of the day (Jung, 1970). Jung wrote a variety of articles, developing and perfecting his theory over a issue of time (Adams 2004) which led to the collection of all his articles under a book called Dreams (1974).For Johns case we will discuss the two basic categories of dreams granted by Jung (1) Reactive (2) Compensatory Reactive dreams are coming as a reaction to some kind of trauma or repression faced by the individual. around dreams fall, however, in the compensatory category, where the present moment attitudes or compromises of the ego are reflected back. Compensatory dreams present alternative perspectives that have been repressed, dissociated or otherwise defensively excluded by the ego (Addams 2004).Jungs theory of personality suggested that there exists the corporate unconscious, a set of influences that we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the past. This collective unconscious is shared by everyone and is displ ayed by behavior that is shown as common across all cultures. Loving your start, belief in a supreme being, cultism of dark, cold places, and perceiving certain images as positive and certain images as negative are all results of the collective unconscious of which the entire race is a part of.Jung believed that the collective unconscious has archetypes which were the universal typic representations of a particular person object or experience (Feldman, 1993). One of these archetypes is the mother archetype, a symbolic representation of a mother-figure present across all cultures, religions, literature, myths and even fairy tales (Virgin Mary, Mother Hubbard, Kali, fairy godmother etc. ). In Johns case the dreams seem to be of the second kind, which is the most common kind.Owing from Johns history that was interpreted prior to analysis (as per rule of psychoanalysis itself), it is seen that John has not been in any kind of traumatic experience lately which could lead to show that his dreams are in any way a reactive phenomenon to some event. It seems as if the ego, which is conducting the job of maintaining the deep secrets of the collective unconscious which tries to seep through our dreams, feelings, premonitions and behavioral idiosyncrasies.Johns history reveals that his favorite passion as a child was building tracks, as mentioned before, and he would often use his mothers stray clips and pins while trying to make trucks. Once, he recalls, during his free association sessions, that his mother had gone out for the afternoon for a little while and he was left alone with his toys. John had sneaked into his mothers room and interpreted all the clips and pins he could find to build a tiny engine for his truck out of the old cardboard boxes lying around in the attic.It did not thus struck as odd to the therapist when John responded with the word road with the word pins. Word association technique, also propounded by Carl Jung, was a technique where the indivi dual is given a list of words. To these set of words, the individual is asked to respond to the first response that comes to the mind. In modern day interpretation, reaction time and expressions are also noted. In Jungs original magnetic declination the main practices were focused on the response the individual gave to the words.In Johns case, the response to the word road came as pins which could have explained his recollection of his childhood methodology of building trucks through borrowing the pins from his mothers dresser. John also remembers being scolded by his mother very sternly regarding the stealing of pins. He remembers his mother telling him that although what he steal was not of much significance, it did however matter that he stole something which was wrong on every account. John remembers crying and repeating the word sorry many times and considers this to be one of his more memorable events in his childhood.The military set up, of which John is a part of, also esta blishes a certain emphasis on rule-abiding and a formidable outlook on abominable practices. Discipline and control are a big part of Johns life, so it is not surprising that such an event in childhood where his moral qualities were called into question continue to remain vivid in his memories. Although Johns energies have been channelized constructively, he does report feeling more inclined towards gimmick and manual labor oriented tasks, which speak of his childhood pastime of building trucks.In his dream John is chased by a figure which has long hair and a cloak, easily represented by an evil mother archetype. John may be harboring feelings in his personal unconscious, which is different from the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the combination of the residue of the personal events and experiences of the individuals life, whereas the collective unconscious is the collective residue of the events and lives of the ancestors of the individual which is shared by all members of the society. here since the archetype is professed as the evil mother archetype (given in the form of various myths and religions such as Kali, the Death Goddess, Evil Enchantress, Vivien and the Witch in Hansel and Gretel (Fox, 1994), we can understand Johns residual and unconscious fear of his mother. The dream can be further interpreted in terms of his fear and boilers suit overpowering sense of moral code and ethics which guides his childhood memories as well as present day ambitions. This fear of childhood and present day fear of judgment may be symbolized as the evil mother since the shadow may have a will of its own.The concept of shadow by Carl Jung is synonymous to the concept of id by Sigmund Freud, which represents all the carnal and basic desires of the person. The Greeks separated the mother archetype in both good and bad ways, whether it was the sexual version of Aphrodite, the virgin Artemis, the motherly Demeter and the dominating Hera (Fox, 1994). Th e mother figure symbolized as evil in Johns dream does not necessarily mean that John hates his mother or considers her as evil.It is simply a symbolic representation and interpretation of ideas and themes that are considered as overwhelming or powerful which have taken the connection of childhood memories, themes and ideas. The door and the sea both represent an initiation into a world that is unknown and thus a voyage into the unknown is found in this particular sequence of the dream. The sea has various interpretations in terms of archetypes and expresses a vast majority of meanings including an initiation, a voyage, an uneasy division between ball club and chaos, the eternal mother, etc (Carlson, 1986).A study was conducted on the archetype of doors and it was found that doors represent safety and keep bad things from getting in or help in escape if danger threatens. A door may represent a way out, a way to safety (Hatala, 1992). This dream could possibly mean that the door sym bolizes a certain escape and balance that was brought from the uncertainty in life. The uncertainty that could have arisen from the difference in ambition and the difference in the current business is absolved through the doorway of channelizing the energies into a positive way, for example, by joining the military.For the process of deindividuation, which Jung called the process of discovering the deepest of potentials of a person, dreams provide as powerful tools and cues in wander to discover and fulfill the calls of the inner psyche. In Johns dreams the call of the unconscious seems to be towards the ego and the persona (synonymous to the Freudian ego or universe principle) which absolves the conflicts of the ego. John seems to doubt his ego which the ego in turn does not want it to do. It wants John to make tranquility with the investment of his energies.The dream starts with the evil mother archetype and seems to end with the sea or the eternal mother archetype. This means that there is peace within the system of Johns unconscious, yet this peace needs to be maintained, accepted and realized by the individual himself. Works Cited Addams, M. V. (2004). The Fantasy Principle Psychoanalysis of the Imagination. New York Brunner-Routledge. Carlson, P. A. (1986). Literature and lore of the sea. Costerus, new ser. , v. 52. capital of The Netherlands Rodopi. Coolidge, F. L. (2006). Dream interpretation as a psychotherapeutic technique.Oxford Radcliffe. Feldman, R. S. (1993). Psychology. New York McGraw-Hill. Fox, R. (1994). The challenge of anthropology old encounters and new excursions. New Brunswick, N. J. , U. S. A. Transaction. Hatala, L. J. (1992). Incredibly American releasing the heart of quality. Milwaukee, Wis ASQC Quality Press. Jung, C. G. (1953). psychological reflections an anthology of the writings of C. G. Jung. London Routledge and K. Paul. Miller, C. A. , Miller, C. A. (2004). Nursing for wellness in older adults theory and practice. Phila delphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Mother tongue education Essay Example for Free

Mother tongue education EssayMercator International Symposium Europe 2004 A new framework for all languages? The mightily to mother tongue medium education-the hot potato in human refines instruments Address by Dr. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas in Opening Plenary As long as we have the language, we have the culture. As long as we have the culture, we jackpot hold on to the land. (pg. 1) In an article called Justice for sale.International law favours grocery store values, Mireille DelmasMarty (2003) discusses the danger in the conflict between legal concepts based on, on the one hand, oecumenical merchandise values , on the other hand, genuinely universal non -market values. The genuinely universal non -market values obviously include individual and collective human rights, as a part of the universal common heritage of humanity. til now if philosophy of both human rights law and philosophically oriented parts of political science now start accepting that in that respect shouldbe n ormative rights in relation to at least some parts of this heritage (in their terminology common public assets), the legal protection of market values is incommensurably stronger than the protection of non-market values. DelmasMarty exemplifies this with the item that there is no universal international court that individuals could turn to when their (non -market value based) human rights have been violated.Individual rights be entirely a matter for states, and reports are the only form of monitoring (ibid. ). And if this monitoring, which I have exemplified with the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention, does not support educational linguistic human rights strongly, there is a problem. On the other hand, laws based on market values are being spread by more or less orbiculate organizations like the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and, it seems to me, heretofore more dangerously, WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) 25. These laws are being developed extremely rapidly, with harsh sanctions for violations.-(pg. 13) Economist Francois Grin offers through his reciprocation of market failure in his book about the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (2003b) excellent arguments for resisting market dominance for public or common assets/goods like cultural products Even mainstream economics ac familiarity that there are some cases where the market is not enough. These cases are called market failure. When there is market failure, the unregulated interplay of supply and demand results in an ina ppropriate level of production of some commodity (Grin 2003b 35).In Grins hatful, many public goods, including minority language protection, are typically under supplied by market forces (ibid. ). The level becomes inappropriately low. Therefore it is the duty of the state(s) to take extra measures to increase it. (pg. 14) Each language reflects a unique world- view and culture complex, mirroring the manner in which a speech community ha s resolved its problems in dealing with the world, and has formulated its thinking, its system of philosophy and understanding of the world or so it.In this, each language is the means of expression of the intangible cultural heritage of people, and it remains a reflection of this culture for some time even after the culture which underlies it decays and crumbles, very much under the impact of an intrusive, powerful, vernacularly metropolitan, different culture. However, with the death and disappearance of such a language, an irreplaceable unit in our knowledge and understanding of human thought and world- view is lost forever. (Wurm, ed. 2001 13). (pg.17) As long as a numerically small mother tongue does not provide you a better job with a higher salary than shifting to a numerically and politically more powerful language, there are, according to this authority of arguing, hardly a(prenominal) arguments to maintain these mother tongues (and bilingualism is often not considere d as a real option the thinking here is often either/or). (pg. 18) I have in the beginning (Skutnabb -Kangas in press e) claimed that most of these arguments are presented by researchers who tend to write in English and be native speakers of one of the numerically big languages themselves, often English.This does not necessarily mean that they are monolingual themselves, and many of them are global research nomads, holding jobs all over the world, often making the usual rounds in rapid succession, from Britain or USA or Canada to Sydney or Singapore or Hongkong, etc. This means that these researchers have mostly never experienced that their induce dominant allele language has bee n threatened. It seems that many dominant language speakers are much less aware than dominated language speakers of the non -market values of their deliverlanguages, and, consequently, of other peoples own languages.At the same time, they are often not aware (or do not want to be aware) of the market be nefits that they themselves have access to because of being speakers of dominant languages. Often they take both these benefits and the fact that others are learning their language in a non -reciprocal way, for granted, and are not willing to in any way compensate speakers of dominated languages for these non -earned benefits they are linguistic free-riders as Philippe van Parijs puts it (2003 167).This compensation would obviously be fair, even in terms of thetypes of justice that many lawyers accept. several(prenominal) researchers have started discussing issues in these economic compensation terms (e. g. Grin 2003b, 2004, van Parijs 2003). (pg. 19) Another partially overlapping distinction, also made by Grin (e. g. 2003b 24-27), can be used to bridge the gap betwe en social market value and non -market value arguments.In describing arguments used to answer the question why anybody, including connection as a whole, should bother about maintaining (minority) languages, Grin diffe rentiates between moral considerations arguments and welfare considerations arguments . Most of the legal discourse, including the linguistic human rights considerations, refer to norms about the right tolive in ones own language, even if the extent of the ensuing rights is debated (ibid. 24- 25). In contrast, the emphasis of the welfare based argument is not on whether something is morally good or bad, but on whether resources are appropriately allocated.The test of an appropriate allocation of resources is whether society is better off as a result of a form _or_ system of government . (pg. 20) Moral or political principles, even if they are sometimes described as human rights, are not necessarily part of internationallaw. They are things that governments should do, if they are nice, not something they must do. Being nice is not a very convincing argument and is less persuasive than rights and freedoms that have the weight of the law groundwork them. (pg. 20)

A detailed case study on the Rolls-Royce company

A detailed case study on the Rolls-Royce partnershipEvolution of Rolls-RoyceThe glorious origination of car manufacturing c totallying was pioneered by F.H. Royce and C.S. Rolls when they met in 1904 and in 1906 the keep follow ROLLS-ROYCE Ltd was formed to unveil the six-cylinder Silver Ghost which, within a year, was acclaimed as the best car in the world. In 1914 the First World War necessitates aero locomotive engine the Eagle, designed by Royce was uptaked in the air war by the allies. Later the company chthonicwent diverse advancement towards improved aero-engine, gas turbine. Subsequently after acquisitions and mergers of other companies Rolls-Royce emerged as the only company in Britain proficient in delivering power for use in the air, at sea and on land. (See appendix for details) Rolls-Royce (2010)1.2 Rolls -Royce at the presentROLLS-ROYCE GROUP PLC is a public expressage company incorporated on twenty- offshoot march 2003 and is registered in England under the U K companies Act 1985 having registered office in 65, Buckingham Gate, London in United Kingdom. The registration number of the company is 04706930. (Companieshouse 2010). ROLLS-ROYCE GROUP PLC is listed on LSE. It is a global conglomerate and world-leading provider of power solutions for consumer in aerospace, marine and energy markets. Today it is the worlds second largest civil aero engine company, the worlds second largest defence aero engine company, a global leader in marine propulsion and a leading supplier of energy solutions.1.3 Stakeholders and Rolls-RoyceStakeholders atomic number 18 the person or group or disposal that has direct or indirect stake in organization because it can affect or be affected by the organisations actions, objectives, decisions and policies. (Freeman,1984, pp.25) Stakeholders argon Shareholders, customers, suppliers and distri barelyors, employees, local communities. perplexity holds fiduciary relationship with its stakeholders and work for reta ining participation of stakeholders at large. (Friedman Miles, 2006, p.1)The board of directors manages work of the company on behalf of the company. In Rolls-Royce the board is accountable to companys stakeholders regarding performance of company, the approval of reliable matters which affect the shape and risk profile of the Company deal the annual budget and performance targets, the fiscal statements, payments to stockholders, major capital investments and any substantial falsify to balance sheet precaution policy etc. Shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees constitute essential part of stakeholders in Rolls-Royce. Suppliers are valuable to the Rolls Royce Group and it follows the Supply Chain Relationships in Aerospace (SCRIA) to protect the interest of the suppliers as it provides the best possible terms from suppliers and when entering into binding purchasing contracts, gives consideration to quality, pitch, price and the terms of payment. As the Company is a hol ding company and does non itself trade, it owed no amounts to trade creditors at December 31, 2009 and t here(predicate)fore the number of creditor days required to be shown in Annual piece of music to comply with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 is nil. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.78)Financial statements are prepared by Rolls Royce in accordance with IFRSs, GAAP as adopted by the EU and UK respectively and as per requirements of the Companies Act 2006 and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation. Rolls-Royce maintains an installive corporate governance framework that protects investors and aspires to deliver long-term pry to shareholders. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.70-71)Rolls-Royce in AGM toweringlighted key production line developments during the year and discussed about crucial matters the likes of declaration of dividend, ap contingentment of directors and auditors, consider accounts, giving shareholders opp ortunity to ask questions regarding the company they are holding. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.75-76)COMPANY AND INTERACTION WITH STAKEHOLDERS2.1 Legal FormAs a whole trading entity can be branched out as Sole traders, Partnerships, Limited partnerships, Limited liability partnerships, Limited by Guarantee companies, unlimited companies, Public companies. As per UK Companies Act four types of companies exist.Formation of company helps the possessor to limit the liability as company differs from the person as far as concept of corporate personality (separate legal entity which is distinct from the owner) is concerned. But when it is necessity to protect the stakeholders interest from fraud and deception of management the corporate veil of company is lifted.In limited liability companies the owner or partners are not personally answerable and liable for potential leavinges of the company. Unlike these companies, sole traders and partnership firm cannot exercise the scope o f funds for expansion (Black, 2004, p.67). RR is public limited company with weft of raising fund from public and preferred to be group of companies.When a company holds the shares of another company, former company is holding company that owns shares in subsidiary company, the later one. In group of company under one holding company various subsidiary companies inhabit. Sometimes group of companies turn out as a result of the merger and acquisition of a impertinent company. When a company merges with or acquires numerous companies E+W+S+N.I. it is instead unmanageable to keep accounting books and records, prepare annual accounts and to hold an Annual General Meeting of shareholders for those companies under one company head. Establishment of group companies reduces hazards of crazy business by dint of a subsidiary to limit the groups exposure to the risk. (The National archives, 2010)Options/HelpRR is the holding company and does not trade on its own account. The groups bra in operating subsidiary is RR. Entire business actions of the group are performed by RR and its subsidiaries. RR shares its registered office with RR group PLC besides with different company registration number 1003142 under the UK companies Act 1985. Other companies which are indirectly held by the group incorporated within the UK and outside UK can be segregated under different heads like civil aerospace, marine, energy, corporate. There are also a variety of companies which can be held as Joint venture and associates. (See Appendix 2) (Rolls-Royce, 2010)2.2 Corporate Governance in Rolls RoyceRecent corporate scams and fraudulent activities of large company like Enron in US, Polly Peck plc and Mirror Group plc in UK became noticeable and consequently Sarbanes-Oxley Act appeared in July 2002. To prevent the deception and misleading activities of companys unfluctuating presence of corporate governance with constituent like participation of BOD and committees are essentials.RR pri oritises corporate governance at highest level for the reason that stakeholders interest is controlled, managed and directed by the company. The Company is exposed to the Combined Code on Corporate Governance published in June 2008 by the Financial Reporting Council (the Combined Code). (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.66) It is the board which is responsible for managing company and day to day operation of business and accountable to stakeholders. The BOD of Rolls-Royce comprises of fourteen directors with the non- decision maker Chairman, the question Executive, eight non-executive directors and four other executive directors thereby complying the regulation regarding corporate governance. display board potencyThe board takes special care to retain independence of non executive directors to strengthens corporate governance and protect stakeholders because the non-executive directors represent stakeholders interests. One of the most important facts is that the non-executive directors are not employees and do not participate in the daily business management of the Group. (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.70) The non executives are highly considerable as they are independent in character and judgment with relevant expert knowledge and decision of full(a) governance and high standard of investor relation. (Dunne Morris pp7-10)Different committees have been set up to determine effective and successful governance practice with corporate certificate of indebtedness towards stakeholders. These Committees play a critical role reviewing, formulating and recommending governance principles concerning business.COMMITTEESThese committees support the company for improved business maneuver. Along with this company has properly identified various risks which are properly mitigated through measure for better governance. (Details in section 4)In Annual report of Rolls-Royce disclosures are made fulfilling the factors as depicted by the Companys Act 2006 (applied to the Plc which is listed in LSE) such as Business review must contain information on future development, performance and position of the business environmental issues, employees and social issues contractual and other arrangement (Rolls-Royce, Annual Report, 2009, pp.1-65) and in addition to this the company website contains annual report and accounts, results of the polled votes at AGM and result of the fact that the company gives definite minority shareholders the right to require independent scrutiny of any polled vote to abide by the regulation.(Rolls-Royce 2010)Abovementioned administration of corporate governance not only helps the shareholder to identify the companys risk profile, structure, culture, vision and course of action to invest further but also helps other stakeholders to meet their needs and obligations.3. FINANCIAL ANALYSISRR uses pre revenue discount rate for the present value count of future cash flows and inventory, work in progress is calculated in first in first out basis. RR has considered net realisable value is selling price minus costs incurred by marketing, selling and distribution. Cash flow projection in good forget calculation is under assumptions of defined discount rates, growth rates, foreign exchange rates and WACC at 12.75. In order book calculation RR has excluded the future order option on top of the placed orders. These best practices are common for going concern and conforming Section 418 of the Companies Act 2006. (Annual report, 2009)3.1 Financial StatementsIn this report financial analysis is done through ratio analysis of provided financial statements. Financial statements have been prepared based on IFRS, which is issued by IASB. This preparation is common for EU and onset of UK GAAP. (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 2003)3.2 proportionality analysisRatio analysis is a animate being for financial analysis to evaluate firms, industries. Ratio analysis helps to adjust the trend as wel l as to compare among the competitors using the financial statements. Mainly five types of ratios are helpful to judge different financial aspects. These ratios are liquidity, asset management, debt management, increaseability and market value. All the ratios are important but value and importance differ with the company and industry. Like debt management ratio will be important for higher borrowed firm to judge the bankruptcy risk. (Brigham Houston, 2009)Revenue, Gross Profit and Operating Profit have increased from 2008 to 2009. In 2009 RR has turnaround from loss to huge amplification. Even company earning changed from negative to positive. This change in realize is mainly due to the huge decrease of financing costs from 3186 one million million to 491 million . In 2009 RR has managed to get big amount of financing income. There is a no significant change in balance sheet item barely the considerable amount of reduction of other financial liabilities. Net asset of RR has c hanged significantly due to the noticeable decrease in liabilities.(Historical Prices, 2010)RR has outperformed both LSE and BOE return for hold out 12 months period. From our previous financial analysis we found RRs good performance and growth in revenue which is mainly based on accounting figures but ultimately reflected in market also. RR is the market leader and main competitors are Dassault Aviation, Saab AB and MTU Aero Engines. RRs aero engine business serves two distinct market segments like new engine sales to Boeing and Airbus Industries engine parts sales to maintenance companies. So RR caters both primary and secondary markets. In this market the competition is distributed in commercial message and technical side, which is also catered by General Electric and Pratt Whitney. Company has increased market share from10% in 1970 by investing in RD for new engine development and also for better services. Overall the market is oligopolistic and capital intensive. The key de terminants for sustainable competitiveness are technology, RD outcome. (Annual report, 2009)3.4 Strategy RecommendationRR has five key strategies like four market segments, better technology, competitive portfolio, increasing market share and value added services. RR has strong brand, domain knowledge, integrated system and operational excellence to lend oneself these strategies. (Our dodge, 2010)SWOT(Porter, 2008)RR is in such industry where the numbers of buyers are very less so this is quite price makers type market or more(prenominal) easily can be said that the price of products of RR is set by buyers. But recently with increase in global carriers the demand is uptrend but here life long guarantee in engines are desirable. In supplier side RR follows the dual sourcing strategy so the power of suppliers reduced and high clearcutness can be reached. Very high entry barrier is there to this industry, where brand reputation and domain knowledge is very key determinants of succe ss. There is no substitute of engines and aerospace. (Data source from Annual report, based on own analysis and see exhibit 5 for details)RecommendationFrom above strategic and financial analysis, it is recommended that RR is strong in operation but few segments are not performing well, so few strategies are to be taken to increase the key indicators.4. versed PROCESS AND STRUCTURESSome companies operate better in competitive environment than other due to implementation of their strategy on organization. Organisational structure does not think only having best team with best skills to execute particular achievement but organistional effectiveness can be attained by closely interacting and interconnect them through finding creative solutions to execute business operation. Organisational Effectiveness is the result of effective interplay of a companys vision and strategic goals with the chosen structural design, abutes, assigned responsibilities, getable skills, knowledge and ca pabilities, and reliable performance measure. (Dressler pp.43) Combination of strategic perspective and core categories of Organisational Effectiveness creates strategic framework. Strategic management process is completed by consider out strategic direction setting, strategic alignment and strategic control.4.1 Internal control and risk managementInternal control and risk management part of Rolls Royce is very neatly framed to detect, monitor, manage and mitigate risks arising both from financial and operational viewpoint. The internal control system manages and thrives to eliminate failure of attainment of business goal. The risk committee is observant to the system of risk management and is responsible for reporting the principal risks , for implementing the Boards policies on risk and internal control and reviews the results of the risk management process to diminish them. The audit committee reviews credit, market or liquidity risks. The ethics committee reviews those risks w hich significantly affects ethical part happens to be threats to reputation to regard company. The day-to-day management activity involves risks and risks which operates at all levels in the Group flows from upper section of management towards subordinate It is every managers responsibility is to be oversolicitous to indulge in risk mitigating activities whatever business decision they takes. (Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009, pp74)4.2 Procedure of Risk managementRisks are recognized and identified to modify in framework of risk register so that management can review to assess them for subsequent reduction of risk.The company has followed a consistent strategy for twenty years and investment in technology for future growth in a good way. As a result of this strategy, Rolls-Royce today has a broad customer base comprising more than 600 airlines, 4,000 corporate and utility aircraft and helicopter operators, 160 armed forces, more than 2,000 marine customers, including 70 navies, and energy customers in tight 120 countries, with an installed base of 54,000 gas turbines. Rolls-Royce having 38,000 skilled employees in offices, manufacturing and service facilities with presence in 50 countries the group is thriving for developing employee skills. (Rolls-Royce)The company is continuing in sustaining development of the Companys strategy to bring long term value for investor within an acceptable risk profile. It also keeps eye on the monitoring of the strategy implementation along with retaining safeguard of the values of the Company, including its brand and corporate reputation and the safety of its products.4.3 Implementation in Rolls-RoyceAforementioned diagram shows the strategy for entire business process as a whole highlighting on technology, infrastructure, and development of competitive portfolio of products and services, closeness to customer, brand, organic growth, partnership and acquisition through last twenty years.4.4 offset score CardBalance score ca rd is a set of measures that gives top managers a fast but comprehensive view of business, a tool for measurement of business performance. (Kaplan and Norton, 1992) the model has four perspectives Financial perspective, Customer perspective, internal business perspective, Innovation and learning perspective.The customer perspective detects goals for time, quality, performance and service which has effect on the customer. (Harvard Business Review, 992, p.73). Internal business perspective recognizes the processes and competences are identified arising from the most important issues for customers. (Harvard Business Review, 1992, pp.74-75). Innovation and learning perspective is referring to the ability of a company to innovate, improve and learn ties directly to the companys value (Harvard Business Review, 1992, p. 76). From the financial perspective, financial performance indicating companys strategy, implementation and execution are measured to measure profit improvement (Harvard B usiness Review, 1992, pp.77). All perspectives categorise goals and measures to be made available. Through the Balanced Scorecard, the strategy of a business can be communicated clearly and ensured that all employees follow the same goals (California Management Review, 1996, p.57).Training in RR improved employee skills, which helps to maintain the core competencies of RR in tradition. This Internal quality along with higher productivity and online delivery gives limited customers of RR to maintain long term relation. ROCE of last three years is on an average consistent, which is maintained due to this cascading effect. (California Management Review, 1996, p.66)CONCLUSIONRolls-Royce emphasizes transparency and high standard of governance, ethics and integrity. The brand of Rolls-Royce symbolizes reliability, integrity and innovation and is most valuable asset of the company than their engineering excellence. Fabricating grand product and delivering services is not adequate in curre nt competitive market but it is the trust which is established through years by virtue of response of Rolls-Royce to the needs of customers building steadfast relationships with customers, partners and other stakeholders consequently made them worlds leading-edge, international power system company. Financial position is improving from last year but key indicators and from strategic point of view Rolls-Royce should think of market portfolio. Product line and services are as per leaders approach but except civil aerospace, other segments are with lesser growth and prospect.ANNEXURE6.1 ReferencesBooksBrigham, E.F Houston, J.F. (2009) Fundamentals of Financial Management. Florence, KY Cengage Learning. Retrieved from http//books.google.co.in/books?id=zepGuo84-8ACpg=PA121dq=financial+ratio+analysishl=enei=bJvXTPvrBo20vgPspYHnCQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFMQ6AEwBwv=onepageq=financial%20ratio%20analysisf=falseBull, R. (2008) Financial Ratios. Burlington, CIMA Publishing.BL ACK, G.(2004) Applied Financial Accounting and Reporting. Oxford University Press.Dressler,S. (2004) Strategy, Organizational Effectiveness and performance management. Boca Raton, Universal-Publishers.Dunne, P. Morris ,G.D. (2008) Non-Executive Directors Handbook. US, Butterworth-HeinemannFREEMAN,R.E.(1984) Strategic Management A stakeholder Approach., Boston, Pitman.FRIEDMAN,A.L Miles, S.(2006) Stakeholders theory and practice. Oxford University Press,JournalsKAPLAN, N. NORTON, D., (1992) The Balanced Scorecard Measure That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, January-February pp.71-79.KAPLAN, N. NORTON, D., (1996) Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy. California Management Review, 39 (1) pp.53- 79.Online SourcesAnnual Report. (2009) Delivering today, investing for the future. online functional from http//www.rolls-royce.com/reports/2009/index.shtml Accessed fifth December 2010.Companies House (2010). Select and access company information onlineAvailable fromwww.c ompanieshouse.gov.uk Accessed 05/12/2010Historical Prices. (2010) Rolls-Royce Group PLC (RR.L). Online Available from http//finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=RR.L+Historical+Prices Accessed 5th December 2010.Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. (2003) Accounting Standards. Available from www.ifac.org/ComplianceAssessment/attachments/ICAEW_Attachment.pdf Accessed 5th December 2010.Porter, M.E. (2008) The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Online Available from http//hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy/ar/1 Accessed 5th December 2010.Rolls Royce. (2010) Our strategy. Online Available from http//www.rolls-royce.com/about/what_do/strategy/index.jsp Accessed 5th December 2010.Rolls-Royce. (2010).History Timelineonline Available from http//www.rolls-royce.com/about/heritage/timeline/graphical_timeline.jsp Accessed 05/12/2010.The National Archives (2010).The Company Act 2006 online Available from http//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46Rol ls-Royce.( 2010). Business Overview online Available from http//www.rolls-royce.com/about/what_do/business_overview/index.jspRills-Royce.( 2010). History Timelineonline Available from http//www.rolls-royce.com/Images/final_poll_figures_2010_tcm92-19721.pdfThe times 100. (2000) Competing within a changing world. Online Available from http//www.rolls-royce.com/Images/competition_tcm92-11184.pdf Accessed 5th December 2010.6.2 GLOSSARYFinancial statements are Income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and statement of changes of equity. upset = Revenue from continuing operations, the figure is available from profit loss account.Operating profit= Profit on operations OR Profit from continuing operationsOperating profit margin =( Operating profit / Turnover) x 100Return on capital employed (ROCE) = (Operating profit/TALCL) x 100TALCL= derive assets less current liabilitiesAsset turnover = Turnover/ TALCLCurrent ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilitiesGearing = Long term borr owing/ TALCL x 100Interest Cover = Profit before interest/ Interest payableDividend Yield = Dividend per share/ Share priceEarnings per Share (EPS) = Profit before dividends/ Number of ordinary sharesPrice/Earnings Ratio = Share price/ EPSDividend Cover = Profit after tax / DividendsStock Turnover = Sales/ StockDebtors Turnover = Sales/ DebtorsCreditors Turnover =Sales/ Creditors operative majuscule Turnover =Sales/ Working CapitalQuick or Acid Test Ratio = Current assets stock/ Current liabilitiesDebtors Collection pointedness = 365/ Debtors TurnoverCreditors Payment Period = 365 / Creditors TurnoverDu-Pont analysis = Financial leverage * Net profit margin * Total asset turnoverFinancial leverage = Total asset / Common stock equityNet profit margin = (Net profit / Turnover) x 100Total asset turnover = Total revenue/ Total assetsSOX is US Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002Order bookEU= European UnionIFRS= International Financial Reporting StandardsIASB= International Accounting Standards Bo ardGAAP= Generally Accepted Accounting PracticesGroup= Company and its subsidiaries together referred to as the GroupWACC= weighted average cost of capital6.4 APPENDICESAppendix 1Profitability of Rolls-Royce is measured through Return on capital employed, Operating profit can be found from Profit and Loss account but total assets less current liabilities is available at Balance sheet. Efficiency of Rolls-Royce is measured through Asset turnover, Stock Turnover, Debtors Turnover and Creditors Turnover and Working Capital Turnover. Liquidity of Rolls-Royce is measured through Current ratio. Current assets and Current liabilities figure are available at Balance Sheet. Liquidity can measure through Debtors Collection Period, Creditors Payment Period. Structure of Rolls-Royce is measured through Gearing or using Dividend Cover, Earnings per Share (EPS), Price/Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield and Interest Cover. higher(prenominal) value of acid test ratio, creditors payment period, EPS, Div idend cover, interest cover ratio, price earning ratio is better but lower value debtors collection period is good for business.

Sports Influence On Psychology Of People Media Essay

Sports Influence On Psychology Of slew Media EssayFor legion(predicate) years, sports retain been valued by many another(prenominal) societies in the world. Many volume continue to indulge in various sports today either singularly or as a part of a team up. Sports deliver al counselings influenced the history of a nation as soundly as the psychology of the slew in that nation, playacting twain constructive roles as well as damaging roles. Many volume may think that sports ar completely about winning or losing, heretofore sports is deeply engraved in tidy sum psyches and to some it dates back to when they were young and thence it is bound up in many great deal geographical and sociable identities. It is through sports that some people discombobulate been able to indulge themselves in vicarious achievements and euphoric collective experiences. Many studies puzzle sh stimulate that there is a lot of emotion when people filter out to win for their team or for them selves which in return affect their psychology as well as that of their fans. This newsprint therefore, analyzes the psychological influence of sports to citizens of United Kingdom.The nameation of a nations personal identity is dependent on the various social activities of its citizens including the social practice of sports. This is because many people wish discussing about sports blushts as they go along with their daily activities twain at the workplace and at their home. Studies have shown that there is so much influence on the workers performance based on the performance of their favorite team. It has been order out that there is a lot of impact of sporting failure and success on the UK workplace. Many people get psychologically affected when their team win or loses. It has alike been found out that the conversation regarding sports that people have in their workplaces can have a positive impact in boosting their morale as well as improving their productivity and moti vation. This room that sports in full general shapes the lives of many citizens in UK. Also, people usually construct various postures and meaning eyepatch watching sports evet which greatly influence their social belief, self opinion and most certainly their nations identity. That is, key social practices including sports and the re newd events ordain be discussed and recounted in compelling ways by a large free radical of people through various mediums from media forms to e reallyday conversations, leading to the formation of certain ideas in their ideas, which in turn leads to the formation of social beliefs and thereby nations identity (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Studies have found that a nations identity is governed by the memories and stories that people hold in common and certainly sports is star of them. This can also be proved by the feature that sports impact goes beyond the day to day social environment. For example Englands win in the 1996 World Cup affected b oth the economy and the politics of the region. It is during this era that Harold Wilson claimed his victory which was largely propertyd to the teams performance and the wave of euphoria and goodwill that the citizens had due to the team victory.Equating sports or sports teams to a nation as well as its identity, thereby peoples psychology as well as social practices began in 1908, with the launch of the exceptionals as a pan- bailiwick event, with the entry of many countries and their falseicial patronage. The twelve-year old Olympic Games had informally taken on the role of a multi field of study sporting event at which nations represented themselves with their best athletes (Smith and Porter 2004). With many countries participating in that Olympics, media coverage and importantly political patronage certainly built the discourse, that nations will normally represent themselves through their sportspeople in various events such as the Olympics. When nations argon represented by sports persons, the activities of the sportspersons on and off the field will in turn form or change or reinforce or even challenge the psychology of those nations, and in the long run their social practices and nations identity since many people like to be associated with a particular team or a sports person. In the society today many young people like localiseing themselves with some sports people which greatly influence their personality which is very vital in ascertain a nations identity. This trend has sometimes led to emphasis in sports especially when people (fans) identifying themselves with a particular sport lose a match. In many sports fans be full of emotions as they try to win for their team. These high emotions atomic number 18 catalyst to sports violence. More often than non you will find angry fans hollo and yelling to the coaches when they fill that he is letting down their team. Many riots have also been experienced when a team loses an important match. T hese riots are characterized by rubbish among fakers, dumpsters, mobs overturning cars and many former(a)wise bad behaviors. The reason for this is due to the psychological attachments that exist between people of a nation and sports. Through identifying with a certain group individuals are able to improve and maintain their self assess (Balisunset, 2009). As a result, sports acts as a powerful source of identification through which people identify themselves with a team or an individual in a team and hence become heavily invested in the results of a given competition. This agency that people are affected psychologically when their team loses leading to frustrations. These frustrations lead to anger and the only outlet to his anger is through violence (Murphy, 2005).Many people may think that sports violence is just a simple matter but in some cases it reflects the violence that happens in the society and that is why violence mainly occurs when a crowd is made of a heterogeneou s mix. This kernel that the fans may be using spot violence as a scapegoat to their society dissatisfaction. This means that many occurrence of sports violence may be signifying that something is wrong and immediate actions need to be taken. Contrary to sports violence, sports sometimes have very good impacts to citizens of a nation especially when national team wins an important match. Many people are very happy later on a national team wins and this is known to have a positive impact in boosting the morale of citizen. Consequently, this has an impact on peoples approach to work and lifts up their mood hence making them productive in their work. This just shows how sports psychologically influence people lives (International Society of Sports Psychology, 2006). Research has also found that talking sport acts as one of the ways of breaking down barriers existing between employees and their customers. The influence of sports is so big to an extent that it can break or make a kins hip between a manager and his team. A study conducted in 2006 in UK revealed that 71% of men and 68% of women said that both the employers and employees learn valuable lessons from sports. People get to learn the importance of working as a team, importance of existence dedicated to ones team, importance of collective responsibility, what makes a good team player and how to develop ones talents and maximize performance. As a result, we can say that sports success or failure in a nation has influences both social and economical factors of that nation. This is because sport is woven into people day to day manner and hence plays a very crucial role in creating bonds between people and ultimately impact productivity of a nation (Social Issue Research Centre, 2006).The influence of sports on psychology of people can also be seen by the way people bask in reflected glory. This is rooted to one element of social identity theory which is psychological distinctiveness. According to this t heory, individuals desire their identity to be both distinct from and positively compared with people of other groups. This theory is concerned with identifying when and why an individual identify with a particular group and behave as a part of that group. According to this theory an individual social behavior can exist on a spectrum from purely intergroup to purely interpersonal. By identifying oneself with successful people a person self admiration get boosted. This is the reason why people like identifying themselves with successful teams and sports personality. It is for this reason that you will find people clout out their old tee shirts and old sweatshirts after a big win, and proudly introduction their team logos. Also after a team wins a championship the sale of their products also goes up until a nonher team wins the following year. This is what is called basking in reflected glory which is labeled by social psychologists as BIRGing. A study conducted I 1976 by supported this phenomena by showing how university students wear their university affiliated clothing the Monday morning after winning a football match during weekend. In doing so the student sought to have success of their team linked to them by wearing school identifying attire. The students are also like using the pronoun we after a victorious athletic weekend than when their team lost. By basking in reflected glory an individual self esteem gets enhanced by identifying with another persons success. They try to receive this glory by doing nothing tangible to help a person or a team get this success. Individuals are more than potential to bask in reflected glory when their public image is threatened so as to counter any threats to their self esteem. Also the extent to which a person is committed to a team dictates the degree in which he can distance himself from the team lose. According to social identity theory those individuals who are powerfully allied to a team are not likely to dista nce themselves, and to ensure that their self esteem is not threatened they will try to attribute the failure to other things and not the team itself. For those who are not closely allied to the team, the loss makes them to engage in phenomena known as CORFing. This refers to cutting off reflected glory which is characterized by distancing oneself from a losing team as much as possible. This can be done by either using different words to describe the game after defeat. For example the fans begin using the words they lost instead of we lost. Fans can also CORF by blasting, which is a form of substantiating self enhancement used when one feels that his or her self esteem is threatened. This clearly shows how sports influence an individual psychology.Many of the international sports, which are being vie all over the world, originated or were first played in their modern form in Britain. Team games such as soccer, rugby, and cricket, and sports such as rowing, summercater and boxing, were formalized, codified and modernized in the elite schooling institutions of Britain (its public schools) and the ancient universities. (Tomlinson). These sports diffused into the social gamut of UK as well as the consciousnesss of the British people both in the urban as well as rural communities, with the factor of Britishness exhibited by these sports. In those times, sports played in Britain influenced the British socio- psychological ideologies like moderately play, an ideal of British manhood. Likewise, sports for women were developed to fit with the ideals of Victorian femininity.Different sports have different combination of representation which influences the social psychological beliefs of single British identity or separate national identities. In football (American soccer), the four nations of the UK are separately represented. In cricket, England and Wales play as one team. In rugby union, the countries are split into England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, with North ern Ireland and Eire providing a joint team (Polley 1998). This being the case, the social psychological beliefs of British identity gets changed or modified according to the occasions and circumstances. This means that an individual will identify with a particular team based on the situation at hand i.e. people from one nation will support the group identity of being British in some occasions, but their cognitive dissonance checks back to them, and thus alleviating their dissonance by changing their stance to support their own national identity. For example, English sports followers could support a Scottish athlete who represent Great Britain in the Olympics, but could revert to their anti-Scottish stance, when the national football teams of England and Scotland meet in a friendly or in a World Cup. The reason for this is that individuals have a tendency to identify to the team the truly belong to when faced with a situation like that one. This is because one will have grown up b eing attached to a particular team and thus there is no way he/she will support another team when the national team is playing. Another perspective about changing their support or their affiliations in sport can be witnessed when one British team fails at a major event, while another British team succeeds, providing the people someone to back. The London-based media is also experienced in this kind of support. When an England team fails to qualify for a major tournament, the media quickly appropriates other British or Irish teams as ours (Smith and Porter 2004). Cognitive dissonance is displayed at times when there are differences between an individuals actions and his or her beliefs. This contradictory display occurs often among sports fans in England, as they may believe to have a British national identity, yet their actions prove otherwise. These actions, which oppose their beliefs, are a form of relieving the cognitive dissonance that they have.Football as a sport has been know n to unite people across UK rather than divide. Most of the football fans have a strong commonality. The role played by football either socially or culturally is dependent on historical factors. These historical factors include whether the national team or a major side has won an important tournament at a particular time in the past or whether the sport was played traditionally by lower or upper clan. The rivalry between teams also plays a major role in be the sports characteristics. This influences how individuals at different with each other and how they relate a sport in their country and the support they give to teams at the international, national, regional and local level. This means that people in a given country with strong regional and local identities relate differently with those people in countries where regional identity is not important. A good example of this is demonstrated in countries like Sweden where allegiance to local teams is stronger than that associated wi th the national side.As in any society, British women, till the late 20th , were prevented from actively participating in many societal activities, thereby psychologically subdued.This social belief was further reinforce through sports with early womens traditions, as they were effectively suppressed by male establishments, such as football and both rugby codes. (Smith and Porter 2004). Although, women tried to have pre-eminent positions in society and even fulfill roles of leadership, with Britain being ruled by numerous successful Queens, it was not the case in all spheres of the society. Women were suppressed and deprived of the crop of leadership in many facets of social life, sports being one of those facets. Likewise, the social psychological aspect of class factor was also influenced by sports with certain team games, particularly rugby and cricket which were viewed as games of the upper class.This meant that one grew up believing that certain types of sports belonged to a certain group of people. With this belief people of certain region did not psychologically give attention to some sports that they did to those sports where they felt to be part of the team like in football. With the initiation of the Industrial Revolution, many people started acquiring employment and became part of the revenue earning group. Even then, their incomes were not optimal and thus there lopsided class factor. This class factor was further imbued in the peoples mind as well as part of their social setup through sports. With certain sports played only by a certain class of people, sports indirectly promoted class differences. England rugby team remains remarkably homogenous white, educated, middle-class, while Cricket has a rather upper class flavor as in the habits of male upper class Englishness, cricket embodies gentlemanly qualities (Malcolm, 2001). This shows how sports can be effectively be used to divide citizens of a nation by promoting class difference and notion that some types of sports are suited to a given group of people. Fortunately this notion is slowly fading away with and people are beginning to accept sports like rugby which initially belonged to a chosen few.Beliefs about having distinct and separate national symbols or identities particularly separate interior(a) Anthems have been in existent for some time among the countries of the United Kingdom. For example there have been many debates of whether English should have their own national hymn for many years. English have retained British national anthem for sporting events while Scots and Welsh have claimed their own national anthem. Problems however arise when England plays against either Scotland or Wales, during this time the opponents national anthem has to be played twice. Unfortunately, those debating about this issue in the past only considered the political ramifications of England having their own national anthem thereby neglecting the psychological implication of play ing God Save the Queen. Researchers have found out that there are a procedure of factors that affects the psychology of those involved in sports during any competition. Some of the psychological factors include confidence, belief, being prepared, sense of identity and ability to perform under pressure.One of the major factors that affect the performance of an individual in sports is a sense of identity. This is because its through having a sense of identity that our values are impacted on us, wherefore affecting the individual motivational levels. In addition to that it also impact on an individual sense of purpose and a will to go an especial(a) mile for ones nation. Singing national anthems by the respective teams at sporting events are always viewed as a psychological strategy by the coaches and other people to promote a sense of identity within the team, and also to motivate and fire up them. It also falls under the psychological process of self-esteem in that an individuals self esteem is raised when he or she knows that he/ she belongs somewhere. With self-esteem being a key process that works as a catalyst for many human actions, the national anthems can also work on the self-esteem of any countrys citizens (Kimiecik Harris, 2005). Behavioral psychologists believe that self esteem acts as a positive reinforcement to an individual thereby motivating a person to perform well in his or her actions. The national anthems are known to psychologically fire up sports teams and this will psychologically impact the people who are watching the event in the stadium as well as in their Televisions. This psychological association to their national anthems in turn defines their social beliefs and will lead to various impacts. For that to happen, the view among the English people is that they should have an appropriate national anthem, different from God Save the Queen. The Scots and the Welsh dont get fired up by God Save the Queen so why should the English? With this social belief, sections of the population are even coming up with options for a separate and distinct National Anthem for the English. This reason for all this fuss about national anthem is that both players and fans want to have a sense of belonging before any match which greatly influences their mind into having a conviction that the victory is theirs. Studies have found out that the perception of ones mind regarding something influences greatly the outcomes of an event. For example there is no way a team will win a match if they do not have a conviction that the victory is theirs. This conviction is achieved by raising the self esteem of the players and their supporters which in turn motivate them in claiming the victory. To do this coaches have had to apply some psychological techniques like anxiety management in sporting activities so as to improve the performance of the players (Pozzi, 2004).Influx of Asian migrants and people from other regions of the world led to the et hnic diversification of the UKs population. However this diversification has also resulted in the development of a variety of national identities, with different social psychological beliefs. Even after living in Britain for many years and interacting with the British society, British people of Asian origin still exhibit psychological allegiance and support to their parent country. This is clearly demonstrated during sports events when teams from their parent countries are involved. This means that there is an element of conformity, but point is that when Asians first came to the U.K they had they had two options one being they could integrate themselves into society which may have proven to be difficult or they could stay segregate themselves and chose not to identify with the Britain. Although, it is not illegal or criminal to do so and it is their personal choices, the social beliefs of the British people is that it is virtuously wrong and unpatriotic to ignore and avoid the Brit ish identity. For example, when Indian or Pakistani or even Bangladeshi cricket team tours England and plays the English cricket team, the people belonging to those countries are seen psychologically associating with those countries and maximally supporting them, ignoring England.In 1990, the Conservative politician Norman Tebbit famously posited the test match test. Which side do the Asians entertain for? Its an interesting test. Are you still harking back to where you came from or where you are? (Korinman and Laughland 2007). This rather harsh remark clearly brought out the focus on how sports reinforce the social psychological belief that British people of Asian origin are still attached to their homeland and thus avoid British identity. This was further reinforced by the comments of the former England cricket captain, Nasser Hussain. He said It was disappointing to see a sea of green shirts with the names of Pakistani players instead of ours. It reminded me of when we played In dia at Edgbaston in Birmingham in the World Cup in 1999. It was like an away game because so many people supported their side. (qtd. in Majumdar and Mangan 2004). However, these beliefs can also be challenged when one looks from another perspective. That is, the above comment was actually made by a British man of Indian origin, which clearly shows that some British Asians have indeed integrated into the British society, even rising to the status of national captain. Thus, the social psychological belief that Asians have not psychologically integrated into the British society could be challenged, as many British of Asian origins have taken the British identity and support their home team.Sports have also been found to have a lot of influence in the well being of citizens. Current research suggests that sports enhance emotional or psychological well being of an individual and thus it is being used as an additional therapy in treating citizens with psychological disorders in UK. It has been found out that there is a positive consanguinity between sports and emotional well being of an individual. Sports participation in general alleviates some of the psychological problems people are facing in the modern world. In adults sports have been found to improve their moods hence alleviating many types of depression they have. This has also been found to be the case in children and adolescents who infix in sports because they tend to have reduced behavioral and emotional problems (Martin, 2007). The reason for this is that sports provide an environment where individuals can socialize freely thereby forgetting some of the problems they face in their day to day activities. Studies also suggest that organized sports influence development of crucial behaviors like stress management, cooperation, positive attitude towards achievement, unselfishness, appropriate risk taking, and the ability to tolerate life frustrations and delayed gratification. It is through playing with ot hers that children get to learn how to build cooperative relationships and the ability to meet their needs in order to belong. In addition to that they are able to learn important cooperation skills as they perform specific team role and work together when playing (NASPSPA, 2007).It has also been found out that youths who participate in sports have less behavioral problems and this has been supported by empirical studies. An example of this study is the one conducted in 1994 in UK and it found out that many youths who participated in sports behaved well in classrooms, earned better graded, dropped out of school less frequently, had fewer behavior problems at home and attended school on regular basis. On the contrary those youths who did not participate in sports were likely to engage in violent behaviors like fights in schools, drug abuse, they were also more likely to become teen parents and consequently the school dropout rates for nonparticipants was high. This shows sports have a very big influence in molding a fulgid future for citizens in a particular nation since it trains them to be responsible, creative and cooperative.In conclusion we have been able to learn how sports influence the psychology of people in a given nation. We have seen how sports help in improving and individual self esteem through identifying oneself with a successful team. Through this individuals are able to live vicariously through someone else, making them to bask in glory when that person or a team wins. This effect is also transferred in work places where good performance of a team influences the performance of the workers which means that sporting success and failure has a lot of impact on the UK workplace. We have also seen that sports play a very important role in developing a nation identity as well as helping children to grow up to be responsible citizens in future.

Relationship Between Numeracy and Music Curriculum

Relationship Between Numeracy and medication Curriculum1.1 IntroductionNumeracy and melody brook been linked together as out-of-the-way(prenominal) back to medieval times. This link goes back as far the Quadrivium possibly eve further. The quadrivium were a set of subjects or topics (which were grounded on the trivium of grammar, dialect and rhetoric) that were covered daily. The quadrivium involved four subject atomic number 18as including Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music. Music was studied in connection with arithmetic and in turn became a mathematical discipline (Wang, 2014). The current reduce of numeracy mountain be viewed through the workings of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and their Programme for International student judgement (PISA) which is carried out all(prenominal) 3 years (OECD, n.d.). Irelands results in 2009 had dropped below the OECD average which led the Irish Government with the task of creating a new strategy to attend to enhance numeracy skills. The Literacy and numeracy for checking and life (2011) was created to ease remedy literacy and numeracy standards among children and young people in the education system (Department of Education and Skills, 2011). Currently, Ireland ranks 13th of 35 OECD countries, 9th in the EU and 18th out of all countries that took part in the assessment.This thesis brings forward valuable insights into the atomic number 18a of numeracy with a particular focus on the promotion of numeracy in the medicinal drug curriculum. The exploreer wanted to examine numeracy strategies/ideas that could be promoted and developed in the classroom. The come upon questions that were considered before this enquiry was undertaken were 1) What is numeracy and how is it related to Music? 2) Is numeracy important in the music classroom? and 3 how can numeracy strategies be developed in the music classroom?1.2 Chapter layoutThe first part has introduced the reader to t he look into res publica and why this research topic was undertaken.Chapter 2 excrete look at the literature used in this research around numeracy and music in Ireland. It pull up stakes look literature from and Irish context as wellhead as other countries.Chapter 3 go out focus on the methodologies employ by the researcher. It pull up stakes outline the tone-beginning the researcher took in order to gather data and what the restrictions were in completing it.Chapter 4 will look at the findings of the research and will evaluate what was do of those findings. It will focus on discussing what happened and if allthing changed. Exploring numerical analysis in calculating results of the research topic.Chapter 5 will be a discussion around what was happened. It will explore research as to what happened and why it happened. It will look at whether or not the test were reliable and have they are valid.Chapter 6 will conclude any arguments that the researcher has brought up. It will conclude the research by highlighting the possibility of any future research around the area.Chapter 2 literary works Review2.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this research topic is to explore numeracy in music education and consider the implementation of a numeracy strategy that can improve numeracy abilities in the post-primary curriculum. The goal is to look at whether or not numeracy is being developed through these strategies or naturally in the students learning.The school of this section is to explore the most current literature around numeracy strategies and the implementation of said strategies into the post-primary curriculum. Looking at research from an Irish context is key but this section will also look at other countries and the numeracy strategies that they have implemented. This section begins by face at the various definitions of numeracy that are used around in different education systems. It will then focus on the literature around music and numeracy and ho w the two are linked.2.2 NumeracyWhat is numeracy? There are many definitions as to what numeracy is and what it relates to. O Donoghue (2002, p.48) placards aspects of numeracy as Basic computational arithmetic, essential mathematics, social mathematics, survival skills for insouciant life, quantitative literacy, mathematical literacy and an aspect of mathematical power. The Programme for International student judicial decision (PISA) (2009,p 14) define numeracy as An individuals capacity to identify and understand the role that mathematics plays in the world, to make well-founded judgements and to use and engage with mathematics in ways that meet the needs of that individuals life as a constructive, concerned and reflective citizen. The Department of Education and Skills introduced The Literacy and Numeracy Strategy for Learning and Life (2011) and define numeracy as the great power to use mathematics to solve problems and meet the demands of day-to-day living These definitio ns are accurate in nature and for the purpose of this paper, the researcher will focus on the holistic approach of using mathematics to solve problems and meet the demands of day to day living. This is the definition the researcher deems accurate for the aim of this research question. There are key skills that are outlined by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) (2015) that aim to promote student wellbeing. The approach mentioned previously encompasses all of the key skills associated with the minor(postnominal) cycle. It has a close link with the skills of being numerate, staying well, managing information and thinking and communicating. By stating this, the researcher is not excluding the possibility that numeracy does not cross between all of the key skills.On a deeper level, numeracy incorporates iii different types of knowledge. Beginning with Mathematical Knowledge (Foundation of numeracy) leading to Contextual Knowledge (The ability to apply the foundat ion skills) and finally to strategic Knowledge (the flexibility to use the previous knowledge to solve strategic problems.2.3 PISA AssessmentPISA or The Programme for International Student Assessment is an assessment conducted every 3 years with students from 65 different countries at the age of 15. The assessments focus on students proficiency in the areas of Reading, Science and Mathematical Literacy. It takes a different focus every year with the process repeating itself every 3 years. In 2003 and 2012, Mathematical literacy was the primary focus of assessment. In the figure below, it is tidy to see how well Ireland has done over the years. Cosgrove et al. (2013) however found that although it is positive that Irelands performance has not decreased between 2003 and 2012, it must be noted that there has been a scorn by other OECD countries which could have resulted to Irelands placement in 2009.In recent years, the Irish Government has many strategies and frameworks to cooperat e deal with the under-performance of students. The National Strategy to improve Literacy and Numeracy among Children and Young pile 2011-2020 (2011) emphasises that all students should retract schooldays numerate and focuses on the fact that literacy and numeracy are among the most important life skills that our schools t distributively. No child should leave school without having mastered these skills to the best of their abilities. The main research areas of this document focus on Enabling parents and communities to support childrens literacy and numeracy development, Improving teachers and ECCE practitioners professional practice, Building the capacity of school leadership, Improving the curriculum and learning experience, Helping students with additional learning needs to achieve their potential and Improving assessment and evaluation to support better learning in literacy and numeracy (Department of Education and Skills, 2011, p. 3). The strategy outlines clear objectives re garding what needs to be accomplished and outlines a timeline for formulates to be made in order for these objectives to succeed. However the can be some issues with this strategy. It recommends that teachers partake in CPD for 20 hours over a 5 year period and resources have been aimed at DEIS schools which can be seen with the Junior Cert teach Programme (JCSP).2.4 International AdvancesLooking at this from an international view, the United Nations Educational and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, 2012) understand that even when a student finishes their education, they still privation the required knowledge and skills that are associated with mathematics. Conway and Sloane (2005, p.15) determine two main concerns in international trends in mathematics education, poor levels of understanding and achievement gaps and the need for twenty-first century skills. These are respectively called the push and pull factors.Zawojewski and McCarthy (2007) have commented on the ramifications of introducing a strategy that would see students actively engage with rich everyday applications of their mathematics. otherwise Relevant literatureThis research paper will aim to focus on the importance of numeracy in the classroom and how a music teacher can improve the numeracy ability of the students in class. As this research focuses on different strategies, the researcher pore on numeracy strategies that have been created and implemented in different countries. This in itself provided the researcher with a broad sense of where they wanted to go and how they were to go about it.One of the first documents that was researched was the Literacy and Numeracy for Learning and Life (2011) which was document that was published by the Department of Education and Skills in direct response to the PISA results. This document highlights a lot of really fair points regarding the development of literacy and numeracy in the education of students, but it is far more biased towards the literacy t han the numeracy. Surprisingly enough, every time the word numeracy was searched just before it was the term literacy. Yes they are a combining factor but they spiel two very different themes in the world of developing the educational needs and skills of each student. Getting the students to realise the connections between music and numeracy will help them to engage with what they are learning. In conjunction with the literacy and numeracy strategy, this research paper will draw from different methodologies and perspectives of music teachers and education specialists.Diverse Methodologies in the Study of Music Teaching and Learning (2008)covers a broad range of research subjects that researcher drew ideas from. A large number of the chapters present in this book are based on practiced based research in the classroom. As the research is focused on students in first year one give voice in which the researcher drew valuable insights from was First-Year Teachers and Methods Classes I s there a connection? By Margaret Schmidt. This study examined the ways that three first year pull back teachers applied a song- article of belief method emphasized in their junior-year. (Schmidt, 2008, p. 67) Schmidt focuses on the students developments but focuses on the teachers and how they need to be continually developing as teachers.Growing from these ideas embrown explored Actualising Potential in the Classroom Moving from Practicing to be Numerate Towards Engaging in the Literature Practice of Mathematics and stated all students should have get at to mathematical knowledge (Brown, 2011). He writes about transforming numeracy into literacy through engaging in mathematical practice. One way that this could be addressed is through practical performance. Students could be introduced to a numerical concept and that a musical performance activity could be introduced to structure the concept and could also help to refocus or clear up any misconceptions that the learners may hav e. Brown writes about mathematical literacy in a social context and getting the students to associate mathematical language with everyday concepts. This refers back to the literacy and numeracy strategy where the aim is to improve students numeracy abilities through linking it to outside experiences.Mathematics and Music by David Wright explores all the variations of number sequences, logarithms, music intervals, scales, octave identification, timbre and even tuning all of which can be replicated in the classroom. This book will form a basis in this research on how to promote numeracy in the classroom and how numeracy can be developed. According to Wright Mathematics attempts to understand conceptual and logical truthMusic evokes mood and emotion by the audio medium of tones and rhythmsTherefore it is not surprising that the symbiosis of the two disciplines is an age old story. (Wright, 2009, p. v)Numeracy is not mentioned in the curriculum which is a sign that the curriculum itsel f needs to be updated. David Elliott writes that there are numerous concepts of what curriculum is and what it means and even states that is has monopolized the thinking if scholars and teachers. (Elliott Silverman, 2015, p. 394) He mentions Ralph Tyler who proposes that curriculum makers should follow a four step process. (ANDREW WHAT ARE THE FOUR STEPS) This process could help with the integration of numeracy into the curriculum just like literacy is already included. This is why Re-setting Music Educations Default Settings would come into effect. Written by Thomas Regelski in 2013 explores how it needs to be rethought and complemented and enhanced for the learner in that it does not hinder their learning in any way.2.4 OverviewThis literature review has shown that there has been research and documentation around the area of numeracy. Numeracy is an area that has many links to cross-curricular subjects and developing numeracy skills among all young people is fundamental to the li fe chances of each individual and essential to the quality and equity of Irish society (Department of Education and Skills, 2011). This research paper focuses on clarifying what numeracy is and its importance. It will also aim to promote numeracy in a music class that will develop and promote learning in a positive and constructive way. There are assessments available to test numeracy but none specific to music and numeracy since this research has been conducted. So this research paper will be focusing on looking at how to develop numeracy that is related to music and that it is linked to two the curriculum and the learning of each student. It can also be used as an aid for teachers to see how they themselves can incorporate numeracy into their classroom and tailor it for each students ability. One aspect that will have to be looked into in further expand is that of questioning and how are the students numeracy skills being tested.Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 IntroductionIn the previo us chapter, the researcher focused on literature and research addressing the areas of numeracy and music. The aim of this chapter is to explain how this study was designed and the specific reasons towards choosing the quantitative method. This thesis is based on action research. This chapter will highlight the ethical considerations of the research and. This chapter will firstly begin by outlining the research paradigm explain how data was collected.3.2 Research aims and objectivesThe aim of this strategy is to see if numeracy can be developed in a music classroom with the aid of a guide. This strategy is a development from the results that Ireland has genuine in the PISA scores over the previous years. As mentioned in the introduction, there were three questions that helped to create this research and from those questions the research was looking at gathering quantitative data, using a pre and post-test with two different classes. This will allow the researcher to appraise the inc rease, if any, in the students numerical abilities.3.3 Action ResearchAction research cited in Hine (2013) is a process of systematic inquiry that seeks to improve social issues affecting the lives of everyday people however on a more direct note to where it is situated in the classroom, Stringer (2014) describes it as a distinctive approach to inquiry that is directly relevant to classroom instruction and learning and provides the means for teachers to enhance their teaching and improve students learning Both of these representations of action research have helped to prove the researcher with enough information to understand the concept.When following an action research plan there are a few ways that it could be undertaken. For the focus of this research the researcher will outline the method of Kurt Lewin and its importance. Cohen et al. (2011) name Lewin as the causality of the action research process in breaking it down into four different sections Planning, Acting, Observing a nd Reflecting. (INSERT DIAGRAM)From this model there have been numerous changes made. Kemmis and McTaggart (2005) action research cycle is similar in that it has a plan, act, observe and reflect, but this reflection is allowing the researcher to change the plan and begin the cycle again.3.4 Quantitative ResearchThe research methodology employed uses quantitative analysis. Creswell (2002) describes quantitative analysis as strategies of inquirythat invoked the postpositivist perspectives. These strategies are in the forms of experiments of surveys. postpositivist perspectives are considered to be that of a scientific method and it refers thought-provoking the traditional notion of the absolute truth of knowledge and that the claims we make cannot be positive when studying the performance and abilities of humans (Creswell, 2002). Punch (2009) mentions quantitative research employing three different ideasConceptualizes reality in terms of variablesMea certainlys these variablesStudies relationship between these variablesUsing these themes the researcher will follow how to correlate effectively the results gathered.3.5 Instruments3.5.1 Pre-post testThe researcher employed different instruments to help bring about the findings of the study. To validate the students numeracy skills the researcher had to firstly find out where the students were regards to their learning. The researcher created a specific pre-test to assess their numeracy knowledge. The researcher focused on the concepts of the first year music curriculum and transferred any correlations with numeracy to an assessment form. (appendix) The researcher wanted to keep the focus on numeracy and assess what they students were able to do regarding rhythm.3.6 Validity and reliabilityDuring this research, the researcher gathered quantitative data to get the best way of measuring students results regarding numeracy. The researcher believes that the findings have depth and provide detail as to confirming the re search outcomes. Validity is an indication of how sound your research is, with looking at both design and method (BYU Department of Linguistics, 1997) of the research area. When looking at quantitative data one must be careful. Winter (2000) says that it is difficult to get 100% and that a certain degree of error is to be anticipated. Reliability is about the precision and accuracy of the research over a period of time. Having the pre and post-tests very close to each other can alter the reliability. delinquent to the 6 week period between pre and post-tests, the researcher believes the results to be reliable. It took 3 weeks getting consent forms back from the students which cut down the time between pre and post-test tests..3.7 estimable considerationsHammersley and Traianou (2012, pp.2-3) outline the subsequent themes as the main ethical issues that need to be addressedMinimising HarmRespecting AutonomyProtecting PrivacyOffering ReciprocityTreating People Equitably.As this rese arch is aimed towards the learning and development of students numeracy, the research had to get ethical approval as it would be focusing on those who would be unable to give consent. The researcher received ethical approval from FAHSS Research Ethics Committee from the University of Limerick in June 2016. The researcher proceeded to provide information sheet to the principal (appendix) and co-operating teacher. (appendix) Then the researcher provided the same information to each of the participants and their parents/ guardians. (appendix) Provided on the information sheet were details about how the research would have been conducted. It outlined that they could withdraw from the study at any time and that anonymity would be used.3.8 School profile and study sampleThe school where this research was conducted is a large town in Munster. It is a co-educational school and both classes are made up of mixture of males and females. Both first year classes are students between the ages of 12 and 13. In this school, all students do music in first year regardless of prior experience or musical knowledge. Then when its time for them to move onto 2nd year, the students are given the woof to do music if they would like. Before implementing the prior test, the research introduced some rhythms to both groups to get the students interacting and to get an understanding of what they were going to learn.Before the intervention, the researcher made sure that both classes were relatively on the same level before giving out the pre-tests.QUESTIONS ASSESSING STUDENTS NUMERACYWhat is a crotchet added to another crotchet?What is the interval between bosom C and Eb?How many notes are there in a 1 octave scale?How many crotchet/ quaver/ minim/ semibreve vanquish are there in this phrase?How many overcome are there in a semibreve?What is a crotchets added to a crotchet added to a quaver?What is the difference between 3 quavers and 2 crotchets?How many crotchet beats are the in 5/4?H ow many quaver beats are there in 13/8?How many minim beats are there in 3/2?(A musical phrase can be found on the next page)Source Mozarts Piano Sonata in F, K. 332, first movement. (https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_(music)/media/FileMozart_-_Piano_Sonata_in_F,_K._332,_first_movement_phrase_group.png)Source http//funandlearnmusic.com/portfolio-item/music-worksheets-music-and-math-14/Source http//funandlearnmusic.com/portfolio-item/music-worksheets-music-and-math-14/Source http//funandlearnmusic.com/portfolio-item/music-worksheets-easter-note-value-4/

How to take a picture. :: essays research papers

In this report I will tell you how to fulfill a good picture. The things you will need are a television camera, a tripod, a light meter, a remote close control, computer, printer, printer paper, digital level and a good location.The first thing you will need to do is decide what you want to take a picture of. Take your camera, tripod, light meter, remote shutter control, and digital level with you.The second thing you will need to do it hardened your camera up on your tripod. To do this you will need to take your camera and find the hole on the bottom. Next set the camera on the tripod. There should be a drive off on the tripod. Screw the bolt into the camera.Once you have that done you will need to set up the tripods legs. You will need your Digital aim for this. Extend the tripod legs, and use your Digital Level to get your camera nice and level.Now that your camera is level you need to set up your remote shutter control. To do this, attach it to you cameras shutter button. This will allow you to take a picture without bumping the camera. Next you want to use your light meter to see what you want your aperture to be at. It depends on what your light is. If its really bright out, like if you were taking a picture of a sunset, you want a small aperture. But if its at night you want a big aperture.Next decide the shutter speed. You can have many different effects based on how you set your shutter speed and aperture.Now you can take you picture. What you want to do is focus on the object you are taking a picture of. This is very(prenominal) important to do RIGHT. If you dont, your picture will come out blurry. So take your time while doing this.The next step is to connect you camera to your computer. All you have to do is plug your USB cable into the camera. Once youve done that, a little window should pop up and ask you what you want to do. You should gibber on the button that says. Download Pictures to PC Once you do that they should download.The next step is cropping and printing your pictures.

A Comparison Of Two Poems About Soldiers Leaving Britain To Fight In T :: essays research papers

The two poems I am comparing are "Joining The Colours" by Katherine Tynan and "The Send Off" by Wilfred Owen. " Joining The Colours" is some a regiment of soldiers leaving Dublin in August 1914 to go to France to fight. This was at the beginning of the First World War and all the soldiers were happy because it was an prospect for them to show their girlfriends and their families that they were brave. "The Send Off" is about a regiment of young soldiers who are departing later in the fight. This poem was written a few age after "Joining The Colours". The mood of each occasion is different because "Joining The Colours" was written when the soldiers and their relatives thought that the war would be over by Christmas but instead it finished much later on and millions of soldiers got killed. The mood in "The Send Off" is totally different because the soldiers were already afraid. They knew how dangerous the war was because of w hat so many people had experienced since "Joining The Colours" was written in 1914. There was no celebration for them because most of the people knew what was going to happen. The building and the style of each poem varies in different ways. "Joining The Colours" is more positive. The structure of this poem is simple. Even though there are some words which convey an image that war is bad, most of the style of writing is positive and even happy. "The Send Off" is a more serious and fright poem. The style of writing throughout the poem is sad and conveys an image that war is completely bad. The structure of this poem is more complicated than "Joining The Colours". This is because the poet is arduous to convince the reader that war is the most terrible thing that ever happened.In "Joining The Colours" the soldiers seem happy as they march to war. In stanza 1 for example "There they go marching all in step so gay". This quotation shows how they enjoy marching, all together. Their attitude towards war is rattling carefree. They look almost as though they are "going to a wedding day". In stanza 2 the soldiers "are singing like the divert". In stanza 3 they make noises with "whistles, mouth-organs". The soldiers are carefree because they are brave. They dont understand how dangerous war is because they are too young.