Revised Paper On German Modernism -- essays research papers

The Significance of Modernity Throughout time, nations defecate attempted to become independent from one another by discovering means, which would help their citizens experience more fulfilling lives. The quandary that troubled each of these countries is whether or not innovations, in technology and society, led to a higher quality of life. Modris Eckstein and Marshall Berman examine both, the damages and benefits of contemporaneity. Eckstein looks at mortal changes that lead to the overall acceptance of modernity. He examines Germany, and how the lives of every citizen was altered following the revolutionary changes of the rootage half of the 20th century. Marshall Berman, on the other hand, assesses modernity as an all-encompassing characteristic of certain societies. He analyzes whether or not large-scale changes that societies made, improved the well being of their inhabitants. Rites of Spring, by Modris Eckstein, gives an overview of all the modifications Germany experience d, in the first half of the 20th century. Eckstein considers these individual alterations to be an attempt, by German society to modernize itself. General beliefs in German nationalism, and the treatment of homosexuals, are two of the several(prenominal) topics Eckstein uses to describe the aforementioned change in German livelihood. These two subjects encompass Ecksteins belief of a national German movement towards a unified culture. It is a book about the emergence, in the first half of this century, of our modern conscious? At the turn of the century Germany was a divided nation that did not have a sense of national pride. In the forthcoming years, the convictions of all German citizens changed and the nation became unified. Eckstein attributes this massive modernization of German nationalism to the ongoing threat of war. The citizens of Germany hand their internal feuds, and centered their attention on the enemy outside of their borders. German focus changed abruptly because th eir newfound enemy was Russia and Great Britain. To the German people an storm by Russia and England was an attack on all forms of German livelihood. We are defending in this moment all that is German Kultur and German freedom? Therefore, all German citizens came unitedly in support of their brethren and decreed their approval of foreign bloodshed. Along with a new sense of nationalism, Eckstein believes accepta... ...o gay, or what a homo? The turning speckle of my approach, towards homosexuals, came when I met a guy named Adam. Adam enlightened me by explaining the true aspects of homosexuality. He also informed me that my vocabulary was hateful. After that day I came to encounter that individuals who deplore homosexuals or use derogatory language are no different than those who are racists. Unfortunately, large portions of Americans do not hold the same stance. For this understanding I can relate my modernist perspective to that of Ecksteins. Individually, some people have changed their opinion of homosexuals, but the nation as a whole has done teeny to accept their lifestyle. Lastly, I can also relate to Marshall Bermans attitude towards modernism. I believe that in certain societies one can notice a general trend towards modernist behavior. It is my belief that one can observe this in modern day Germany. As opposed to the conservative regimes of the 30s and 40s, Germany presently lives in one of the worlds most progressive societies. This is a perfect example of Bermans argument because the German people came together and implanted their newfound convictions into their everyday way of life.

How Far Will Microsoft Get? :: essays research papers

How Far Will Microsoft Get?The first question that we must ask is, How dangerous is Microsoft? There are deuce caput groups as the objects of that question that of Microsofts product consumers and that of Microsofts competitors. A distinction must be made between the two when answering such a question due to the extreme differences between both. Whether a decision or action made by Microsoft is beneficial or not to one of the two does not mean that its true for the other. Often times the opposite is true. In fact, most consumers barely regard Microsoft as the dangerous monsters some adopt them to be. What Microsoft leads their consumers to believe is that their product is superior, and more affordable. Many competitors have voiced cries of monopolistic abuse saying that Microsoft unfairly exploits its ownership of the in-person computer operating(a) system. One of the main complaints they have is with the Microsoft ownership of the actual base operating system of all Windows com puters MS-DOS. Bill gate, the chairman and co-founder of Microsoft, has done an excellent job of concealing DOS behind his companys Windows software. Together, DOS and Windows have had an incredible influence on the computer world taking almost 95% of the personal computers on the market. Because of Microsofts dominance in these two areas of personal computing the company receives an advantage that is essential in determining the danger Microsoft exhibits toward their competitors. Bill Gates tightened his grasp on the industry through an ingenious deal he made with PC producers. In the contract, Gates is guaranteed payment for every computer shipped, unheeding of whether or not his operating system was installed in the computer. Thus, without paying double, the manufacturers could not install another companys operating system -- therefore Microsoft was awarded a near monopoly. The title to these two programs, especially Windows, provides Microsoft with an unrestricted and exclusiv e median to promote, feature, and offer its programs. Offering its programs as pre-installed applications of Windows software allows Microsoft to seize a large muckle of the software market, especially in the word-processing and spreadsheet division where Microsoft presents its Word and Excel programs. These two applications have been incorporated, along with others, into a package known as Microsoft Office. With this program, Microsoft has captured ninety portion of that market. Furthermore, because Microsoft controls the operating system of the PC, its competitors must render their applications and software compatible with the parameters contrived by Microsoft.

Nazi Play :: essays research papers

Brandon-Hi, my brother Frank and I are close to to tell you, about the walk home from school that terminate our lives.Chris- Fivel and I were upset with each other the day of October 15, 1939. We pouted at each other the whole way to school. We usually got along. But that day we werent. The school day was fine until the princeable interrupted our class and turned on the radio. It was one of Hitlers ridiculous speeches. We didnt really know what Hitler was up to this time.Brandon- So we ignored it. Little did we know it was about the invasion of our town to round up all the jews. That morning was the last we byword of our parents. They had their own steel mill, and that was the first target for the NAZIs. Besides this we attended Tillberg close school and grew up in Fankvurg Germany. We where pretty wealthy.Chris- Fivel quite babaling on lets get to the story. We started home from school that evening.We power saw big green trucks next to the steel-mill so we stop walking. We tho ught it was the supply truck until we saw soldiers with guns in hand. We took a look around and then Fivel through me into the woods. I remember him saying Oh god its the NAZIs.Brandon- We saw genocide right before our eyes. Houses were burnt down and people were killed. IT was terrible. We couldnt go any where or if the NAZIs saw us we would be killed. We slept in the ditch culvert in the woods.We woke up to see body piled up. The town was destroyed. The Nazis where still there.Chris- The only thing we ate was dry leaves, grass, and bark. We knew we couldnt live for much longer. Fivel lost all feelings in his legs.Brandon- With feelings in my legs gone I couldnt do much. Then reality hit. We saw the SS coming up the street with search dogs. They must have been fifty feet away when they saw us. We knew we were dead. Chris- The dog bit Fivel once and I got beat by the soldier. He cussed at us many times. We where drug to a lieutenant. And we where in exquisite shock. My nose was cr ushed and bleeding non stop. Fivels leg was torn apart like he was a dogs chew toy.Brandon- The lieutenant looked at us lying there and one word came from his mouth Trash.

Analysis of Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth Essay -- Tintern Abbey

Analysis of Tintern Abbey by William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth existed in a judgment of conviction when society and its functions were beginning to rapidly pick up. The poem that he Composed a a couple of(prenominal) Miles Above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye, gave him a chance to reflect upon his quick paced life by taking a moment to slow down and absorb the truelove of nature that aloneows one to see into the life of things (line 49). Wordsworths Tintern Abbey takes you on a series of emotional states by trying to sway readers and himself, that the loss of innocence and intensity over time is compensated by an accumulation of knowledge and insight. Wordsworth accomplishes to prove that although time was lost along with his innocence, he in turn was able to gain an appreciation for the aesthetics that consoled him by incorporating all together, the wonders of nature, his past experiences, and his present mature perception of life. Wordsworth begins hi s poem by describing the landscape of the abbey as unchanged during the past five years. He emphasizes the glide by of time by stating, again I hear, again do I behold, and again I see. He seemed to be overwhelmed with emotions that he, though up on a very further away cliff, was certain that a hermit was in his cave sitting by the fire alone. Wordsworth wanted so much to remember the place that he was allowing his perception of the past take over his present reality. More importantly he says, I again repose here? to express that the scene gives him a wiz of reconciliation. He further illustrates the isolation, peacefulness, and greenness of the abbey to tap into his vague memories of past encounters. Although there had been a long absence from the abbey, the memories of his hurried time in the Wye had consoled him mid the din of towns and cities (lines 26-27). With tranquil restoration Wordsworth has changed from the state of notice to the state of recalling his unremembe red pleasuress (31). He had many times returned in spirit to the Wye, to escape the fever of the world (53). These memories have produced emotions beyond his understanding enlightening him and relieving his frustrations. It is the abbey, in which the heavy and the weary weight of all this unintelligible world, is lightened and makes him become a living soul. (40-49) Wordsworth was claiming th... ...e it was full of blessings (134). And if she ever happened to be alone, scared, in pain or in grief, Wordsworth wanted her to look upon these healing thoughts (144) and think of him.Wordsworths Tintern Abbey is the poetry of consciousness and graceful aware of this state, and the understanding of where one fits into the scheme of everything within the world. Wordsworth looked into life as an active participant ready to grasp all knowledge and understanding that was addressable to him. So although he missed the abbey and lost some of his youth, he had gained ten-fold by being able to in terpret his feelings through his own perception and knowledge. He had effectuate a way to console himself, he had found a basis for hope in Tintern Abbey. Wordsworth had become more thoughtful and saw the abbey in a different way than in his youth. He had learned how to appreciate things and wanted to instill those values in his sister/Dear Friend. Wordsworth had found the true sympathizer in nature and had incorporated that respect for nature in his life. Works CitedWordsworth, William. Tintern Abbey. Romanticism An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. Oxford Blackwell, 1998. 265-269.

Upton Sinclairs The Jungle as Socialist Propaganda Essay -- Upton Sin

The Jungle as Socialist Propaganda   In the world of economic argument that we live in today, galore(postnominal) thrive and many are left to dig through trashcans. It has been a constant struggle throughout the modern fib of society. One widely prescribed example of this struggle is Upton Sinclairs groundbreaking novel, The Jungle. The Jungle takes the reader along on a journey with a group of upstart Lithuanian immigrants to America. As well as a physical journey, this is a journey into a new world for them. They have come to America, where in the primordial twentieth century it was said that any man willing to work an honest day would make a living and could support his family. It is an ideal that all Americans are familiar with- one of the foundations that got American society where it is today. However, while telling this story, Upton Sinclair engages the reader in a symbolic and metaphorical war against capitalist economy. Sinclairs contempt for capitali st society is present throughout the novel, from cover to cover, personified in the eagerness of Jurgis to work, the constant struggle for survival of the workers of Packingtown, the corruption of the man at all levels of society, and in many other ways.   To understand the ways in which political systems are important to this novel, it is necessary to define both capitalism and socialism as they are relevant to The Jungle. Capitalism, and more specifically, laissez-faire capitalism, is the economic system in America. It basically means that producers and consumers have the right to accumulate and spend their money through any ratified means they choose. It is the economic system most fitting with the idea of the American Dream. The American Dream portr... ... the reader.   Capitalism underwent a severe attack at the turn over of Upton Sinclair in this novel. By showing the misery that capitalism brought the immigrants through working conditions, living cond itions, social conditions, and the overall impossibility to thrive in this new world, Sinclair undefendable the door for what he believed was the solution socialism. With the details of the meatpacking industry, the government investigated and the public cried out in disgust and anger. The novel was responsible for the passage of The Pure provender and Drug Act of 1906. With the impact that Sinclair must have known this book would have, it is interesting that he also apparently tried to make it fuction as propaganda against capitalism and pro-socialism.   Work Cited Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. New York Doubleday Page & Associates. 1906  

Upton Sinclairs The Jungle as Socialist Propaganda Essay -- Upton Sin

The Jungle as Socialist Propaganda   In the world of sparing competition that we live in today, many thrive and many are left to dig through trashcans. It has been a constant struggle throughout the modern history of society. One widely prescribed example of this struggle is Upton Sinclairs groundbreaking novel, The Jungle. The Jungle takes the reader along on a journey with a group of recent Lithuanian immigrants to America. As well as a physical journey, this is a journey into a new world for them. They have come to America, where in the early twentieth ascorbic acid it was said that any man willing to work an honest day would make a living and could support his family. It is an ideal that all Americans are known with- one of the foundations that got American society where it is today. However, while telling this story, Upton Sinclair engages the reader in a symbolic and metaphorical war against capitalism. Sinclairs contempt for capitalist society is defer t hroughout the novel, from cover to cover, personified in the eagerness of Jurgis to work, the constant struggle for survival of the workers of Packingtown, the corruption of the man at all levels of society, and in many other ways.   To conceive the ways in which political systems are important to this novel, it is necessary to define both capitalism and socialism as they are relevant to The Jungle. Capitalism, and more specifically, laissez-faire(prenominal) capitalism, is the economic system in America. It basically means that producers and consumers have the right to accumulate and spend their money through any legal means they choose. It is the economic system most fitting with the idea of the American Dream. The American Dream portr... ... the reader.   Capitalism underwent a severe attack at the hands of Upton Sinclair in this novel. By showing the misery that capitalism brought the immigrants through working conditions, living conditions, social condit ions, and the overall impossibility to thrive in this new world, Sinclair opened the door for what he believed was the solution socialism. With the details of the meatpacking industry, the government investigated and the public cried out in disgust and anger. The novel was responsible for the passage of The Pure Food and Drug minute of 1906. With the impact that Sinclair must have known this book would have, it is interesting that he also apparently tried to make it fuction as propaganda against capitalism and pro-socialism.   Work Cited Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. hot York Doubleday Page & Associates. 1906  

Haruki Murakami’s Short Stories Essay

Haruki Murakami pens many a short novel about a disenchanted point of reference walking through life without a good deal of a reason to be there. His protagonists share a comprehend of isolation from the other characters their siblings, significant others, parents and coworkers all fail to get through to them in their various quests to find answers to lifes most important questions. Example why did a strange man appear at the foot of my bed and stretch forth to my eventual inability to get a good nights sleep? The literal isolation of the characters from meaningful relationships creates an overarching sense of isolation in the image of the stories, reservation the reader too feel as though no one understands them.The protagonists of each of Murakamis stories share a sense of loneliness and disconnection with the people around them. In Sleep, the protagonist is a woman who has inexplicably lost her ability to sleep. This leads to her discovery of her disinterest in her life. The mundane aspects of her marriage, her relationship with her son, her duties in her day-by-day life, all become suddenly and horribly apparent to her. However, she does non feel propelled to tell her aforementioned economize or son about her problems with sleep. Neither my husband nor my son has noticed that Im not sleeping. And I havent mentioned it to them. I dont want to be told to see a doctor. I know it wouldnt do any good. I just know. Like before. This is something I have to deal with myself. So they dont guess a thing. This inability to share experiences with family members illustrates the frequent status Murakami creates within his stories.Obsession with things separate from the self is very apparent in Murakamis work. The Kidney Shaped pitfall that Moves Everyday is a short story in which the protagonist himself is a short story author. Junpeis own life experiences, in particular his set abouts advice that only three women in a mans life have real meaning to him, informs a story Junpei himself writes, about a doctor who finds a stone that eventually overtakes her life She is engaged in hurried coupling with her lover one evening in an anonymous hotel get on when she stealthily reaches around to his back and feels for the shape of a kidney. She knows that her kidney-shaped stone is lurking in there.The kidney is a secret informer that she herself has buried in her lovers body The lady doctor grows gradually more partd to the existence of the heavy, kidney-shaped stone that shifts position every night. She comes to accept it as natural. She is no extended surprised when she finds that it has moved during the night After a while, it becomes increasingly difficult for her to take her eyes impinge on the stone, as if she has been hypnotized. She gradually loses interest in anything else.These excerpts from the story illustrate Junpeis inability to rid himself of the advice given to him from his father, and in a way illustrate a persons inabi lity to let things go, how grim things like stones grow to large sizes inside of us, and when we try to cast them away, it is not always easy to rid ourselves of them. Having cast away the stone, she feels a new sense of lightness. The next day, however, when she goes to the hospital, the stone is on her desk, waiting for her. This metaphor is a two-layer cake (excuse the metaphor to explain a metaphor) in which the top layer is, of course, Junpeis inability to let go of his fathers possibly misguided advice, and the bottom layer is our cultures inability to unplug the phones, and get off the internet. Social networking digs inside of humanity to create a deep addiction that cannot simply be cast away.Nearly all of Murakamis stories use a sort of emptiness in the life of his characters to show the effects of the narcissism of the modern age on people and their loss of faith, disconnection from family and friends and the general sense of loneliness. The isolation in Murakamis work i s an elegant metaphor for the isolation social networking creates in modern day society. The hilarious juxtaposition amongst being just the touch of a button away from someone, whilst being incredibly far away from them at the same time, is shown in Murakamis characters inability to truly connect with his or her families.This loneliness and disconnect is created by showing a deep-set misunderstanding between the characters and those around them. In Sleep the protagonist feels unable to share her problems with her family partly because of the fact that previously, people did not notice her going through major turmoil, I lost fifteen pounds that month, and no one noticed. No one in my family, not one of my friends or classmates, realized that I was going through life asleep. She believes that her family truly result not notice, or understand her predicament. She does not want to go to a doctor, because she believes her problem to be something she must go through alone.While this bel ief that she should not see a doctor could arguably be seen as misguided, it stems from the sense of isolation she already feels from the world. In a certain way this character is ultraviolet to her family. They see her everyday, they quietly appreciate the meals she prepares for them, how she keeps the house for them, but they do not understand the deeper aspects of her personality, or so she feels. The protagonists in Murakamis stories often feel as though no one in their lives truly knows them, or understands the way that they are feeling.The elegant metaphors in Murakamis stories hit readers where we least like to be hit. They outline the aspects of our cultures narcissistic obsessions with the self. Self help books, carefully, obsessively groomed profile pages, meticulously managed comments, and continuously growing corporations all geared towards making a better you.For this essay I specifically addressed two of Murakamis stories, Sleep and The Kidney Shaped Stone that Moves Everyday. These two stories exemplify the aspects of isolation in Murakamis work, and how that isolation bakes the double layer cake, with the top layer the general goings on in the stories, and the bottom layer the overarching themes of narcissism, and cultural collapse.Pessimistic viewpoint and objectifying attitude towards women aside, Murakami weaves a tight tapestry that is certainly beautiful to look at.

Analysing Adaptation of Sherlock According to Different Times Essay

The producers adapted a most suitable extent of sources after deal come into the world ,it includes classic- newfangleds from eighteenth-century to nineteenth- century ,horror film ,love story ,feature story and Dracula movie. The episodes private eye belongs to detective series and it is based on the great wise private detective Holmes which is written by Conan Doyle. This essay will demonstrates how the programme-makers adapt master novel to episode and widen peoples horizons more or less sherlock Holmes in wise century .Adaptation has draw critical notice for over sixty years and media often make comparison between a film and its archetype writer ,so the script of private eye is a big challenge for its writers Steven Moffat ,Mark Gatiss(who is acting as Mycroft Holmes ,the brother of Sherlock Holmes) and Steve Thompson. The extract I focus on is from 001000 to 0015 00 in series 1 ,episode 3 ,Sherlock.And the name of this episode is called The Great Game which is pilot p rogramly called The Five Orange Pips, ane of the 56 brusk Sherlock Holmes stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the fifth of the twelve stories in the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. (Wallechinsky, D & Wallace, I 2012) Writers move Sherlock from Victorian date in 19th century to nowadays meaning that many details must be replaced by the changing of times. Like louvre orange pips has been shifted to five mobile rings in this abstract. Famous books have thought value and esthetical charm through the veil of time.But they still have limitations check to specific writers and times. Thus writers should use modern view to take a new look at advantages and disadvantages of famous books in adaptation . On one hand ,the writers of Sherlock unearths inherent thought value and artistic value. On the other hands ,they work hardly to overcome all kinds of restrictions on compute of history era or original writer. Initially ,The most successful and charming bear wi tness in original works is the invention of deduction from Sherlock Holmes. For example, there is a deduction from Sherlock Holmes at 001210 in extract .The most valuable and memorable thing in novel is that Sherlock Holmes can deduct a fact from very small details and writers of Sherlock inherit this treasure. This is how the writers of Sherlock unearths inherent thought value and artistic value. Secondly ,There are many cases of how writers break unhomogeneous of restrictions because of different ages. For instance, killers only can sent five orange pips as warning to the victim because the colloquy is not quite developed in straight-laced age. Furthermore ,technology is being gradually advanced today . Few of English familys have telephones at victorian time.The main communication withall is Telegram and letters at that time. so it is much convenient for criminal and Sherlock Holmes to have interaction. Like dialogue in the extract at 001314 said that some secret societies us ed to send dried melon seeds, orange pips ,things like that-five pips. This is in bless to keep up with the times and it has not distorted the original authors intention but grasp the nature of original works. No guinea pig five orange pips or five ringtones ,they both indicate that the murder is going to happen again . Here is another case in point is that the blog of John Waston replace John Wastons diary in Sherlock.Like the dialogue in the extract at 001228 ,Sherlock Holmes accept Lestrade Study in the Pink ? You read his blog? And Lestrade answer that Of course . we all do. The blog record the details of every single story about Sherlock Holmes, while the dairy need to be re-edit into a book in original work. And after published ,readers could read it , which means that readers have to contain for a long-term and need to pay for the book. However, the blog from DR. Waston could update everyday and the readers could scan blog free of charge. Criminal send a picture to Sherlo ck at 001304 in extract.It conveys information more clearly because of new technology. The letter within 5 orange pips which was sent from different harbors in novel and it becomes the crime mise en scene which criminal Moriarty told to Sherlock. Sherlock and Dr. Wasten go to visit police station by taxi at 001101 in extract and they always go by carriage in original novel . This adaptation has improved the efficiency of solving a case. There is a scene of the spot where Sherlock live in at the time of 001048 in extract. The decoration of Sherlocks home accord with the feature of Sherlock Holmes.Although there is no kerosene lamp in Sherlock ,it still depict a faithful figure of Sherlock Holmes ,not live in a too rustic or too modern place. Wang Liu said that there are six styles of adaptation and each of them are transplant ,excerpts, concentrate ,comprehending means ,comprehending means flexible and compound. (Wang, 2000,p. 359-361) Sherlock belongs to comprehending means ,in o ther word ,writers have inspiration from original works and rebuild the story but keep primary figures and scene in it. Sherlock is a faithful adaptation even if it is in different times.That is because it inherit inherent thought value and artistic value from original work. A faithful adaptation is not definitely faithful to original novels. They just should faithful to original theme ,the personalities of the characters and understanding of plot. Holmes is tall and lean, with piercing eye and a hawklike nose, because that is the way his friend and amanuensis ,Dr. John H. Watson, describes him in A Study in Scarlet, The first of the four short novels and fifty-six short stories in which Arthur Conan Doyle introduce him to the world. (Leitch, 2007 ,p. 208)The actor of Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock episode is Benedict who is suitable to Sherlocks disposition.The only insufficient is that the episode has not personify another personality of Sherlock Holmes who is not only a consult det ective but also a fighter who is skillful at various kinds of martial arts and is often the winner between fighting with criminals in novel. Sherlock Holmes is always in a weak position when fighting with criminals in episode. However, it violate the original ideal of Conan Doyle.To sum up, the writers of Sherlock comprehend the theme of original novel generally. Although they put Sherlock Holmes into modern life in twenty-first century, they unearths inherent thought value and artistic value and working hardly to break different restrictions in terms of original writers and times. The creative and succession should be approved ,but it still has a little bit flaw need to be correct. Overall, Sherlock belongs to comprehending means . It is a faithful adaptation because it is faithful to original theme ,the personalities of the characters and understanding of plot.

Concept Map Tuberculosis

Schiffman, George. (07, 2011). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http//www. medicinenet. com/tuberculosis/page4. htm Tuberculosis. (01, 2013). Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com/wellness/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Vyas, Jatin M. (11, 2012). Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001141/ Schiffman, George. (07, 2011).Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http//www. medicinenet. com/tuberculosis/page4. htm Tuberculosis. (01, 2013). Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Vyas, Jatin M. (11, 2012). Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001141/ executing -Assess respiratory rate every 10-15 minutes Continuously note chest movement and use of addition muscles during respiration -Auscultate schnorkel sounds and note any beas with extrinsic sounds, curiously wet crackles -Document any respiratory secretions much( prenominal) as sputum amount, character, and consistency -Keep patient in high Fowlers position to allow optimal breathing -Check for obstructions or accumulation of sputum -Ask patient level of discomfort/ suffering on a scale of 1-10 -Record medication administrations and if healing(predicate) effects are occurring -Describe procedures and treatment expectations Encourage patient to follow drug regimens IMPLEMENTATION -Assess respiratory rate every 10-15 minutes -Continuously note chest movement and use of accessory muscles during respiration -Auscultate breath sounds and note any areas with adventitious sounds, especially wet crackles -Document any respiratory secretions such as sputum amount, character, and consistency -Keep patient in high Fowlers position to allow optimum breathing -Check for obstructions or accumulation of sputum -Ask patient level of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10 Record medication administrations and if therapeutic effects are occurring -Describe pr ocedures and treatment expectations -Encourage patient to follow drug regimens PLANNING -Goals include treating any abnormal results such as dyspnea, abnormal breath sounds, irritability, and reducing or eliminating sputum levels -Give patient therapeutic effects regarding abnormalities found with little or no side effects -Help patient in making lifestyle changes that include making a safer pull in and home environment and getting the people who have the most sink in with the patient treatment PLANNING Goals include treating any abnormal results such as dyspnea, abnormal breath sounds, irritability, and reducing or eliminating sputum levels -Give patient therapeutic effects regarding abnormalities found with little or no side effects -Help patient in making lifestyle changes that include making a safer work and home environment and getting the people who have the most contact with the patient treatment TUBERCULOSIS TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS Ineffective airway dynamic headroom link to poor cough effort as attest by abnormal breath sounds and dyspnea -Risk for infection related to settled secretions as evidenced by wet adventitious lung sounds such as crackles, and excessive sputum -Deficient knowledge related to condition, treatment plan, self-care and discharge needs as evidenced by questions/requests for information, statements about the problem, and the development of preventable complications DIAGNOSIS -Ineffective airway clearance related to poor cough effort as evidenced by abnormal breath sounds and dyspnea -Risk for infection related to settled ecretions as evidenced by wet adventitious lung sounds such as crackles, and excessive sputum -Deficient knowledge related to condition, treatment plan, self-care and discharge needs as evidenced by questions/requests for information, statements about the problem, and the development of preventable complications ASSESSMENT -Check for vitals check for abnormal breath sounds, especially for wet crackles on inhal ation -Assess for dyspnea, if using accessory muscles for respirations, or if the pt has elevated shoulders -Assess level, color, and consistency of any sputum Check for restlessness, irritability, or anxiousness -Report write up of the patient, any existing illnesses such as pneumonia, senscer, family hx, workplace, home life, and lifestyle ASSESSMENT -Check for vitals check for abnormal breath sounds, especially for wet crackles on inspiration -Assess for dyspnea, if using accessory muscles for respirations, or if the pt has elevated shoulders -Assess level, color, and consistency of any sputum -Check for restlessness, irritability, or anxiousness Report history of the patient, any existing illnesses such as pneumonia, toilettecer, family hx, workplace, home life, and lifestyle NURSING PROCESS NURSING PROCESS military rank -Assess if medication and procedures are performing therapeutic effects -Check for levels of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10, make sure vitals and scien ce laboratory results are within normal ranges -Check if patients secretion amount humble or stopped -Assess if patients restlessness and irritability was ameliorate -Check if patient is continuously taking ordained medications to prevent spread of disease EVALUATION Assess if medication and procedures are performing therapeutic effects -Check for levels of discomfort/pain on a scale of 1-10, make sure vitals and lab results are within normal ranges -Check if patients secretion amount diminished or stopped -Assess if patients restlessness and irritability was alleviated -Check if patient is continuously taking prescribed medications to prevent spread of disease ETIOLOGY -Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. uberculosis) by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person, resulting in primary TB -Risk factors include those who life with others who have active TB, poor or homeless people, elderly, infants, nursing home residents, prison inmat es, alcoholics, IV drug users, those with malnutrition, working in health care, workers in refugee camps -Factors that elevate chances include diabetes, kidney disease, cancer, chemotherapy, and certain types of drugs ETIOLOGY Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person, resulting in primary TB -Risk factors include those who life with others who have active TB, poor or homeless people, elderly, infants, nursing home residents, prison inmates, alcoholics, IV drug users, those with malnutrition, working in health care, workers in refugee camps -Factors that elevate chances include diabetes, kidney disease, cancer, chemotherapy, and certain types of drugsPATHOGENESIS -Droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air and are interpreted into the nasal passages and lungs of a susceptible person near -Once inhaled, tubercle bacilli reach alveoli where macrophages take them up bacilli then multiply and spread through lymph vessels into the lymph nodes and finally to distant organs can remain alive or become inactive -Immune system responds which causes damage to the meanders cells attack the bacilli, thus killing the infectionPATHOGENESIS -Droplets of fluid containing tubercle bacilli are released into the air and are taken into the nasal passages and lungs of a susceptible person nearby -Once inhaled, tubercle bacilli reach alveoli where macrophages take them up bacilli then multiply and spread through lymph vessels into the lymph nodes and finally to distant organs can remain alive or become inactive -Immune system responds which causes damage to the tissues cells attack the bacilli, thus killing the infectionSIGNS/SYMPTOMS -Common symptoms include unintentional weight leaving, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, loss of proclivity -Cough persisting three weeks or more, coughing up blood or sputum, or chest pain when breathing or coughing -If spread, TB of the rear leads to back pain and TB of the kidneys cause blood in the urine SIGNS/SYMPTOMS Common symptoms include unintentional weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, loss of appetite -Cough persisting three weeks or more, coughing up blood or sputum, or chest pain when breathing or coughing -If spread, TB of the spine leads to back pain and TB of the kidneys cause blood in the urine COMPLICATIONS -Medicines for TB can cause side effects such as liver problems, changes in vision, orange/brown colored tears or urine, rash -TB of the bones joint destruction -TB of the brain meningitis swelling TB of liver or kidneys impaired filtering of waste -TB of the heart inflammation fluid collections impaired pumping abilities cardiac tamponade COMPLICATIONS -Medicines for TB can cause side effects such as liver problems, changes in vision, orange/brown colored tears or urine, rash -TB of the bones joint destruction -TB of the brain meningitis swelling -TB of liv er or kidneys impaired filtering of waste -TB of the heart inflammation fluid collections impaired pumping abilities cardiac tamponade TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT Patient recommended to stay in isolation and on bed rest until no yearlong contagious -Inactive TB antibiotic called isoniazid (INH) is prescribed for six to twelve months not prescribed to pregnant women can cause liver damage and peripheral neuropathy -Active TB INH is also prescribed along with rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide may also receive streptomycin may be taken from months to years -Drug resistant TB everything with active TB with several other drugs longer treatment may require surgery to remove damaged lung tissue TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT Patient recommended to stay in isolation and on bed rest until no longer contagious -Inactive TB antibiotic called isoniazid (INH) is prescribed for six to twelve months not prescribed to pregnant women can cause liver damage and peripheral neuropathy -Active TB INH is also prescribe d along with rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide may also receive streptomycin may be taken from months to years -Drug resistant TB everything with active TB with several other drugs longer treatment may require surgery to remove damaged lung tissue

Business studies-intrapreneurship case study Essay

Intrapreneurship Case Study of the Sony Corporation, according to muckle Kutaragi PlayStation Intrapreneur The story of the Intrapreneurial ( integrated entrepreneurial) corporate struggles, determination and the ultimate creation of the very victoryful Sony PlayStation by unforgiving and driven intrapreneur vision Kutaragi, whos international Intrapreneurial Success story has now plow one of the most celebrated in business history. Intrapreneurship has been successfully utilized by corporations, partnerships, and non-profit firms in the US, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The underlying concept and idea of Intrapreneurship or Corporate Entrepreneurship had been exemplify in corporations in the United States, Japan, and all around the world, for many decades, even before the term was used in the mid 1980s in the chief(prenominal)stream media. Howard Edward Hallers University Masters Thesis was published back in 1982. Hallers Thesis was the first-year academic case study of Intrapre neurship or corporate entrepreneurship. The intrapreneurial success of PR1ME Leasing helped the small growing OTC listed parent corporation (PR1ME Com postureer) to grow rapidly with strong sales and profits. PR1ME information processing system Inc. was OTC listed and becoming NYSE listed n 4 years after launching the very successful Intrapreneurship adventure, PR1ME Leasing.The terms and basic concepts of intrapreneur or Intrapreneurship have existed and been effectively utilized in corporations for decades before the popular media put Intrapreneurship in mainstream media. On February 4, 1985 TIME Magazines article, Here come the Intrapreneurs discussed the Intrapreneurial spirit including the creation of Apple, and Saturn within General Motors, as well as Intrapreneurship ventures at AT&T, Data General, DuPont, and Texas Instruments. Steve businesss, Apples Chairman then and now, used the word intrapreneurship in a Newsweek magazine article, September 30, 1985, in which Chairman Jobs shared The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship-only a few years before the term was coined a group of good deal going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company. Now for the history of successful mathematical product creation and international selling launch of Sony intrapreneurial creation, by intrapreneur Ken Kutaragi, of their very success intrapreneur success with PlayStation. Ken Kutaragi, who was educated as an electrical engineer, joined Sony Corporation in Japan in 1975, at the age of 25. Ken Kutaragi was working in the sound labs at SonyCorporation when he bought his young daughter a Nintendo game console. Ken observed his daughter playing with the new Nintendo game but he was displeased with the quality of the sound of the Nintendo game. Because of his training and experience in electronics Ken concluded that a digital chip, dedicated solely to sound, would world-shakingly improve the quality of the Nintendo gaming system. B ecause the Sony Corporation was not involved in computing machine games, Ken Kutaragi negotiated to keep his undertaking at Sony, while working as an outside consultant (entrepreneur) for Nintendo on their computer gaming devices.Ken developed the SPC7000 for the next generation of Nintendo games/machines. After Kens success as a consultant to Nintendo the senior executives at Sony Corporation threatened to fire him after they discovered his sideline project with Nintendo. fortuitously for Ken, he had the strong support of Norio Ohga, the Chief Executive Officer of Sony Corporation. Chairman Ohga personally recognized the value of Kens creativity, entrepreneurial spirit, and innovation, so he encouraged Kutaragis efforts. Then with the Sony Corporation CEOs support (and begrudgingly the rest of Sonys senior guidances blessing) Kutaragi continued to work as a part-time consultant to Nintendo. Ken successfully developed a CD-ROM-based system for Nintendo. Then in a life changing t wist of unavoidableness Nintendo elected not to go forward with the CD-ROM system. Ken Kutaragi saw the market and business opportunity of computer gaming systems for Sony.With his Intrapreneurial spirit, Ken pressed laborious to convince the Sony Corporation to enter the electronic gaming business. While most of Sonys senior management did not consider Kens computer gaming device more than a toy and not worthwhile for Sony, Chairman Ohga took a major chance and backed Kutaragis plan. Ken was persistent and he went on to lead the effort to help Sony develop its own gaming system, which became the blockbuster product success PlayStation. Ken Kutaragi has been often been referred to as The go of the PlayStation, was well as all related Sony products, including Sony PlayStation 2, Sony PlayStation Portable, and the current Sony PlayStation 3. Ken Kutaragi has the heart and sole of an Intrapreneur or Corporate Entrepreneur. He fought against corporate neasayers within Sonys managemen t ranks and Ken literally laid his job on the line at Sony to press for the creation of the computer gaming product within Sony. Ken is created with saying, I wanted to prove that evenregular company employees said no, and especially regular company employees could build a venture of this scale with smart as a whip technology, superb concepts, and superb colleagues. Sonys System G 3-D technology, aka Sony PlayStation, was released in 1994. It immediately outsold Nintendos Super NES to quickly become the worlds top home-gaming platform. Kens group within Sony did not rest on its significant laurels, Kutaragi and Sony took another major financial gamble on PlayStation 2.Sony backed Kens corporate entrepreneurial (Intrapreneurial) venture by investing $2.5 billion into the PlayStation start-up, and has gone on to build over 70% of the home-video-game-console international market share. Sonys PlayStation product line has become the leading video-game platform. The financial payback to Sony has been astronomical. At of the end 1997, Sonys PlayStation annual sales had grown to $7 Billion, in only first four years of the PlayStation product line existence. Kens Intrapreneurial (or corporate entrepreneurial) success has been called one of the greatest new business creations and launches in business history. Since the 1994 PlayStations launch, this new Sony product line outperformed both the Sega Enterprises and Nintendo gaming machines. The Sony PlayStation has taken the clear market share of game consoles, with PlayStation sales of more than 70 million units in the late 1990s. At that time, one in four United States households owned a Sony PlayStation product. The financial success of the Sony PlayStation was so impressive that by 1998, the PlayStation was providing 40 share of Sony Corporations operating profits.The strong profits from the Sony PlayStation line still accounts for about one quarter of the overall Sony Corporations profits. Kutaragi was soon rewarde d for his significant success as an intrapreneur within Sony. Ken was promoted to be the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Sony Computer Entertainment (SCEI), the video game division of Sony Corporation. As Chairman and CEO, Kutaragi built Sony Computer Entertainment group into a major profit center for the Sony Corporation. In late 1996, Ken was replaced as President of Sony Computer Entertainment and was promoted to Chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment. That was only a temporary situation as Ken retired from that position in 1997 and became the honorary Chairman of SCEI.Who are the main characters?What are the issues?What are the lessons learn from this CASE?

Human Behaviour Is Learned Rather Than Based on Instinct Essay

This argument can be discussed also using the nature vs. nurture theory, it has been studied widely and there is evidence to support both sides of the argument. The nurture theory argues that human behaviour is the way is it because they were taught that way or grew up in that type of environment. *1 Children raised in healthy, positive environments be to a greater extent likely to grow into productive successful adults than children raised in negative, threatening environments. *1 http//www.ehow.com/info_8337653_two-sides-nature-nurture-debate.htmlixzz26C7cfhp The nature theory argues that human behaviour is often based on their genetics.Its argued that human behaviour is the result of inherited traits that raft are born with. Even though a person would have experience and learnt things from other people, his/her nature or characteristics would not change. Some people might say we do not have free will because our destinies have already been determined by our traits. A child may have a positive upbringing but genetics may show that the child may always be violent no matter what type of upbringing he/she has. Gender is a good example of nurture, although gender is determined by genetics, some people say that acting in appropriate ways for our gender is learnt.Boys are taught at a young age to generally be more male by playing competitive sports such as football or rugby. Girls are generally taught to be more feminine, by staying at home and larn how to cook and not participating in rough sports but to be more sensible. There also may be cases where girls have been more manly and boys more feminine, but either way they have been shown how to behave rather than instinctively knowing.In later life boys or someone more masculine could do well with aggressive jobs such as lawyers, and girls or more feminine people could do well with jobs like nursing where sensitive qualities are needed. People are also different due to their social class, children will have d ifferent upbringings due to however many opportunities are available to them. pep pill class children are more likely to have more open opportunities such as better colleges and universities, where as a child in philia class will have less opportunities due to lack of money or status.

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay

Part IIdentify 2 or 3 issues approach by the aging community.1.Employment favouritism2. Poverty3. Inadequate careAnswer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use.What is agism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society?According to Schaefer (2012), ageism is a term which refers to prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. Ageism reflects a buddy-buddy uneasiness among young and middle-aged mountain about growing old (Schaefer, 2012, p. 395). Our society looks to youthfulness as successfulness therefore, the elderly threaten those who want to be young and successful thus influencing diversity in society. The elderly are seen as unessential, unneeded, and a constant reminder we one day will be old as well. So we shy a direction from associating with the elderly so we do non have a constant reminder of our own aging and immortality. quote Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper institutionalize River, NJ Pearson assimilator Hall.What is the Age Discriminitation in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population?The federal official Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) which went into effect in 1968, was passed to protect workers 40 years of age or older from being shoot because of their age and replaced with younger workers whopresumably would receive lower salaries (Schaefer, 2012, p. 396). The ADEA provides a resource when there are suspicions of age discrimination in the workplace when it comes to hiring or not promoting or training ageing workers.Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.What is being done to address the issues you identified? umteen companies have been taken to court and charged with violating the ADEA. According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, between 1999 and 2004, complaints of age discriminati on rose more than 41 percentage (Schaefer, 2012, p. 396). Some studies suggest older workers are more of an asset to their employers, are absent less often and are more effective salespeople than their younger co-workers therefore, fall the stereotype of the older employee is a less valuable employee.Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease?The aging population is expected to increase significantly will into the twenty-first century. With the decline in mortality rates and the baby boomer generation aging the proportion over age 65 increases from less than on in 10 in 1960 to almost one in four by 2050 (Schaefer, 2012, p. 395)Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.What types of polity may or may not be affected by the aging population?The ADEA is one type o f legislation which has affected the aging populationensuring they have safety if discriminated against in the workplace. Today the Affordable Care Act will affect the aging population however, to what extent is still uncertain at this time. Legislation which concerns bounty provisions is another area which will directly affect the ageing population.Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.How does poorness affect the aging population?The aged who are most likely to experience poverty are the same people more likely to be poor earlier in their lives female-headed households and racial and ethnic minorities. Although overall the aged are doing well economical, poverty remains a particularly difficult chore for the thousands of older adults who are impoverished annually by paying for long-term medical care (Schaefer, 2012, p. 397). Will the Affordable Care Act ease the loading faced by the elderly who are impoverished by debilitating long-term diseases?Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice HallPart IIAnswer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use.What does the adenosine deaminase provide for people with disabilities?The ADA prohibits bias in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications against people with disabilities (Schaefer, 2012, p. 401). The ADA is considered the most sweeping antidiscrimination legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 thus, ensuring people with disabilities are no longer discriminated against.Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice HallHow have people with disabilities been treated in the past?People with disabilities have been discriminated against in the past, unable to easily use public transportation, unable to easily enter p ublic buildings, and basically treated as second class citizens. The Americans with Disabilities Act was enacted to direct the playing field so to speak. Making the once inaccessible areas or participating life activities easier for them to maneuver.Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice HallHow has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time?Attitudes towards people with disabilities have changes significantly over time. Those who were once shipped off to intuitions are now reproductive members of society. Many groups across the United States sprang up utilizing this demographic in meaningful employment positions. In my community we have a group who work with the incapacitate from collecting sensitive materials for shredding, managing thrift shops, to years ago sewing the scarfs Elvis Presley used while preforming. Today the opportunities for those with disabilities have come a long way ho wever, the fight is not over, there is still more work to be done to ensure equality for all.Reference Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and ethnic groups (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice HallWhat are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities?There are numerous circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities daily. The sheer task of accomplishing anything seemsinsurmountable. Those with physical disabilities must depend on the help of others to simply exist let alone pursue a meaningful life. Public transportation can be difficult sidewalks were not always wheelchair friendly, handicapped parking was non-existent which makes it extremely difficult to live. What about the being looked at as abnormal, those with disabilities must endure tremendous amounts of awkward moments daily from those who are not disabled.What is being done to address those issues?The ADA has brought awareness to the plight of those with twain me ntal and physical disabilities by ensuring there is no discrimination against this group. However I believe awareness is another step to address the prejudice and discrimination against people with disabilities. We must be able to look past a persons disabilities to see the true person they are, and not label them for their disability.What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities?The Americans with Disabilities Act is the most notable legislation address issues faced by people with disabilities. What type of legislation will the future hold? I believe the ADA has address all the concerns for this demographic however, in the future there may be some revisions to the interpretation of the legislation ensuring everyone with disabilities is serviced fully.

Nursing Image Essay

1 IntroductionOne of the most challenging issues deems striving for since 20 years ago is care for image in breast feeding traffic. We define ourselves and are defined by others through images and similarly in any other traffic resembling care for. The focus nurses how nurses perceive themselves as tradingal forget affect the way others include family, friends, associate and globe to look you. In the Concise Oxford English dictionary image is defined as the general impression that a person, organization or product presents to the public (Soames & Stevenson, 2004) or as a mental ascertain construeing a real object or a more or less accurate likeness of a thing or person (Thomas, 1993, p. 965) in Tabors Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary. Nurses have to try to get out from the stereotype of breast feeding image from the past like ministering angel, battle-axe/ raise symbol, handmaiden of doctors, subordinate employmental and finally autonomous professional that need crit ical guessing to make termination to ensure the to render the most legal and efficient apportion for patient.The image of a nurse portrayed in the media give very much influence the public the way they view at nurses either positively or negatively. Nurses are invisible as mentioned by public as they are used to be silent and accept what others think slightly them until recently some coalition stated In this write up I am interested to explore care for image and nursing profession in past year that impact current positive image of nursing in the country with strategies that promoting and sustaining nursing image.2 comminuted interchange on the Current Image of care for in the countryIn order to upgrade the nursing status in Malaysia to become more profession which account to better image of nursing, nurses are encouraged to pursue higher didactics to admit to degree program, Masters and PhD courses either in estimable time or distance-learning program. This uptake bro ught Malaysiannurses to become more professionalization. Besides, Malaysia breast feeding Board had endorsed a mandatory CPE program in 2008 with feedbacks from nurses to modify knowledge, better patient outcome, improve communication skills, increase sense of self-esteem and competency to practice autonomously and improve decision making skills (Chong, 2011).In the study of Natan, 2009 stated 68.5% (245 out of 358) of nursing students of Israel believed they must have undergo change with these Five characteristics of the present profession of nursing, that is, Angel of Mercy, Romantic, Careerist, Obedient and Bureaucratic. Same as other studies that student nurses expect the case of Careerist (Mackay & Elliott, 2002 Spouse, 2000) as the major characteristic of nursing profession which represent an intelligent, logical, progressive nurse committed to achieve increasingly higher standard of patient care (Kalisch and Kalish, 1987 Natan, 2009). referable to the strong patriarchal soc iety, nurses in Iran have a poor image of nursing that bring to low self-esteem, sense of frustration, hopelessness and confusion about self-image and social identity of nursing. So, male nursing student strived to get a university degree to work in hospital as supervisor, internal managers, in the mathematical function of nursing, or even on business side of medicine or medical equipment but not in patient care provision. And, there is forever and a day a need for male and young-bearing(prenominal) nurses vacancy as female nurses have their limitation to meet all the male patients needs and male nurses unendingly occupy the senior position (Nasrabadi, Emami, & Yekta, 2003 Adib Hajbaghery, & Salsali, 2005 Zamanzadeh, Azadi, Keogh, Monadi, & Negarandeh, 2013).After the Iran-Iraq War there is an increasing demanding in male nurses to provide emergency care in affected orbital cavity and also in compliance with the laws of the Islamic Republic Iranian male patients preference to b e cared by male nurses (Fooladi, 2003). Therefore, about 50% of the baccalaureate students admitted into the nursing program in the final years of war (1985-1988) but it dropped to 20% again after the war (Zarea, Negarandeh, Dehghan-Nayeri, & Rezaei-Adaryani, 2009 Nikbakht, & Emami, 2006).Factors that associate with nursing imagea) UniformIf a nurse wears a fit uniform which public perceive as sexy, which may suggested more sexualized work attire genuinely lessens respect for female workers in responsible jobs like management, causing others to see them as less competent and intelligent.b) GenderIn general the public reflected nursing as a female profession where they are subordinate, nurturing, domestic, humble, caring and self sacrificing as stereotyped since nightingales work and European religious sisterhood model of nursing education (Anthony, 2004). In United State, 6.2% of RNs were men before year 2000 and then increased to 9.6% (Department of Health and Human Service, 2010) .c) MediaThis is the most salient factor that affect nursing image. Due to the media perception about nursing is caring but not knowledgeable, competent in patient care, therefore, public will see nurses in the same way as they get kn take to nursing through what media portrayed. Nurses nowadays are aware of the poor image of nursing as perceived by public had greatly devaluing the nursing profession. Inspiringly, The Center for nursing Advocacy who helps to guard the influence of nursing image from media by announcing the best and worst portrayal of nurses in the media annually.d) inadequate communicationAccording to Gordon 2004, nurses who do have enough confidence, tools and skills to communicate with media will gain respect, public recognition and rewards for being considered as a profession.3 Critical Discussions on the Significance of Portraying Positive Image in Nursing ProfessionIt is important to have portraying positive image in nursing profession as it reflect nurses hi gh quality of patient care, recognition from nurses and others by making a difference in patient wellbeing and thereof gain empowerment in decision making in better patient outcome (Ulmer, 2000). By improving and maintaining both public perception of nursing image and nurses self-image, it help to increase nurses recruitment and retention, better working environment to improve nurses morale and motivation to work, and prove better job performance, job pleasure, patients satisfaction and empower nurses to affect policy making (Fletcher, 2007 National Students Nurses Association 2009-2010).Nurses must grab every single opportunity to positively reflect share your own experiences contributed to patient care in workplace as a role model and mentor to junior nurses formally via organization authority or colloquially as through your own awareness, mission and enthusiasm in bringing nursing profession to perfection. In 1989, Zukav stressed the way we see and picture ourselves will affe ct us subconsciously to seek and make the image either positively or negatively and thus gravitate towards others to reinforce it as your image.Nursing had been regarded as a vocation where a nurse provides service to patient and as a divine calling which linked to early roots of nursing within religious order. But in professional field today, nursing is a profession that renders patient care to a complex healthcare dodge by using our critical thinking skills to make clinical decision in concert with patients through the specialty knowledge acquired. If only we strike to portray our profession and specialty in positive manner then we must be able to attract and recruit people to join nursing career and to throw in these nursing profession.In addition, the positive nursing image we portraying will correct the devastating image shown in media to public, friends, family members and relatives by telling them what is actually nursing profession means and its contribution to patient ca re, what are nurses doing in their day to day practice in clinical or non-clinical area, what types of critical ortechnology skills we need in order to hang in abreast of medical and technology innovation. To genuinely lobbying all these messages through media and discourses with high school students we will be able to recruit more intellectual people not only thinking but also inspired to count on nursing profession as their career.Conversely, the negative nursing image like work incompetently, not interested to work extra effort, not valuing what nurses contributed to patients, gossiping and criticize about colleagues, will make others, public and media to devalue nursing image in nursing profession. As a leader in nursing, nurses should wrote to media to correct whatever the misconception of public regarding nursing image which may devaluing nursing qualities of patient care.4 Suggestions on Strategies in Promoting and Sustaining Nursing ImageNurses must always identify themselv es as a nurse and talking about their nursing profession to public, friends, family and relatives to promote positive image of nursing. Media always interested in human-interest stories rather than nurses professional abilities. Nurses must explicitly explain to media our aspects of work in order to make the nurses profession be visible and to advance.Nurses take themselves seriously and dress the part. With the uniform they wear to keep reminding them to act professionally and collaborate with other healthcare profession to enhance quality of care render to patients through team work among staff and shared clinical decision making with patients and family member.Nurses must join at least one or more professional association. It can be Malaysia Nursing Association (MNA), National Kidney debut (NKF) and others. These association helped to organize seminar annually on continuing nursing education in different diversities among different facilities either locally or internationally t o update our knowledge to keep abreast with other healthcare professional group to enhance the image of nursing in themedia to make us visible and to represent our practice area to affect the policy maker on Evidenced-Based Practice (EBP) issues by sharing nursing experiences through networking with other nurses. For example, nurses from different facilities meet together to share successful experiences of reducing the rate of Catheter Related Blood Stream infection (CRBSI) among Haemodialysis patient by instilling Gentamicin block into Intrajugular catheter (IJC) and hence to reduce the rate of mortality due to septicemia while awaiting for the Arterio-venous fistula to be mature and ready for use.In Nurses Week, nurses write to editor of health-related magazine to announce Nurses Day to make public aware of nurses contribution to public through clinical experiences to improve and enhance public perception of nursing image to regards nursing as profession. Dispense nurse-related bo ok as free gift to non-nurses to inspire and inform public of nurses contribution in healthcare system. Therefore, we can promote our nursing image to them by making it visible and known to public in order to breakdown the stereotype negative images of public.Get involved in a health campaign to give talk regarding contemporary healthcare issue, for example, educate about dengue fever by using our professional knowledge regarding disorder to educate the public ways of prevention and instruct them to seek treatment in clinic if needed to early detect and improve community health problem.5 ConclusionsPromoting and sustaining positive nursing image is very crucial in nursing profession to keep nurses to be motivated to work and retain in the profession to be more professional and be a role model and mentor nurses everywhere you go to promote nursing image either in personal life or professional workplace. It is also very inspiring to correct public medias misconception of nursing imag e by writing to them to keep inform and upgrade them regarding positive image in nursing to recruit more staff to join nursing and retain in nursing and to enhance job satisfaction, jobperformance. By actively involved in professional organization to talk to policy maker, write to media or newspaper to keep them reasoning(a) of nurses achievement and to get recognition from public.6 References1. Adib, H. M., & Salsali, M. (2005). A model for empowerment of nursing in Iran. BMC Health Service Research, 5(1), 24-35.2. Anthony, A. S. (2004). Gender bias and discrimination in nursing education Can we change it? Nurse Educator, 29(3), 121-125.3. Chong, C. M., Sellick, K., Francis, K., & Lim, K. (2011). What Influences Malaysian Nurses to Participate in Continuing Professional Education Activities? Asian Nursing Research, 5(1), 38-47.4. Fletcher, K. (2007). Image ever-changing how women nurses think about themselves. Literature review. diary of Advanced Nursing, 58, 207-215.5. Fooladi, M. M. (2003). Gendered nursing education and practice in Iran. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 14(1), 32-38.6. Gordon, S. (2004). Nurses and public communication Protecting definitional claims. Journal of Nursing Management, 12, 273-278.7. Kalisch, P. A., & Kalisch, B. J. (1987). The changing image of the nurse. Menlo-Park, CA Addison-Wesley.8. Mackay, L., & Elliott, J. (2002). Nursing recruitment School daze. Health Service Journal, 112(5801), 30-38.9. Nasrabadi, A. N., Emami, A., & Yekta, Z. P. (2003). Nursing experience in Iran. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9(2), 78-85.10. National Students Nurses Association (2009-2010). The Ripple Effect ofNursing How Our Actions Reflects Our Image. Available at http//www.nsna.org/Portals/0/Skins/NSNA/pdf/pubs_image_guidelines.pdf.11. Soames, C., & Stevenson, A. (eds) (2004). Concise Oxford Dictionary, 11th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford.12. Spouse, J. (2000). An impossible dream? Images of nursing held by pre-registration students and their pith on sustaining motivation to become nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 730-739.13. Thomas, C. L. ed. (1993). Tahors Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 17th edn. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA.14. Zarea, K., Negarandeh, R., Dehghan-Nayeri, N., & Rezaei-Adaryani, M. (2009). Nursing staff shortages and job satisfaction in Iran Issues and challenges. Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(3), 326-331.

Simplification of Switching Function

EEN1036 Digital system of logic Design Chapter 4 phonation I Simplification of change by reversal croak 1 Objective s s s s Simplifying logical system circuit Minimization development Karnaugh typify Using Karnaugh map to obtain modify surcharge and POS mental synthesis Five-variable Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying logic Circuits A A Boolean convention for a logic circuit may be cut down to a simpler put to work The simplified bearing bath indeed be use to implement a circuit equivalent to the ambianceplane pilot circuit retrieve the succeeding(a) example B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 advance Checking for common factor Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) condense the complement pairs to 1 Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB Draw the circuit based on the simplified smell A B C Y 4 impact A Consider an another(prenominal) logic circuit B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C Convert to hock behavior Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC Checking for common factor Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 draw out Simplification of logic circuit algebraic each(prenominal)y is not always an easy task The pursual 2 steps might be useful i.The original air is interchange into the gazump manakin by repeated application of DeMorgans theorems and multiplication of hurt ii. The harvest-time footing argon hence checked for common factors, and factorisation is performed wherever likely 6 stick around Consider the integrity instrument panel down the stairs A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Min terminal Boolean expression Simplify to yield Y = A BC + alphabet + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 If min harm argon solitary(prenominal) take issueed by peerless part, they prat be simplified, e. g.A BC & rudiment 7 cut across more(prenominal) than example A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + rudiment Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 are only differ by one bit Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + rudiment Checking and factoring minterms differed by only by one bit Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 Continue Though truth bow poop stand by us to detect minterms which are only differed by one bit, it is not arranged in a proper way A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a as well asl, which help us to detect and change minterms diagrammatically It is a re understanding of the truth table where each close jail cell is only differed by one bit By looping neighboring minterms, it is kindred to congregationing the minterms with a single bit difference on the truth table 9 Karnaugh play A K-map is only if a rearrangement of truth table, so that minterms with a single-b it difference can be detected easily paradigm below shows 4 doable arrangement of 3-variable K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 Continue Figure below show two possible arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 handbill that the K-map is labeled so that horizontally and vertically adjacent cells differ only by one bit. 11 Continue The K-map for both rob and POS form are shown below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 overcharge form (minterm) POS form (maxterm) The simplified duck expression can be obtained by properly unite those adjacent cells which contains 1 This process of combining adjacent minterms is cognize as 12 lo oping Continue Each loop of minterms lead form a host which can be represented by a reaping term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a congregation, that variable is eliminated from the product term C D C D CD C wiretap AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 convocation 2 group 1 C D( AB + AB ) = AC D group 2 AB(C D + CD ) = ABD Simplified overcharge expression Y = AC D + ABD 13 group 1 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 group 1 ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD Simplified standard procedure expression Y = BD group 1 C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D Simplified sops expression Y = CD group 1 From truth table to K-map The content of each cell can be directly diagram on the Kmap according to the truth table Consider the interest example 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC Simplified pawn expression Y = A B + BC 15 Continue Consider the side by side(p) 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD Simplified gazump expression Y = A C D + ABD 16 Continue many another(prenominal) guidelines i. Construct K-map and fill it according to the truth table ii. Only loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. Always start by looping the isolated minterms iv. facial gesture for minterms which are adjacent to only one minterm and loop them together v. Proceed on to loop the largest possible groups, from eight minterms (eighter from Decatur), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi. carry the product term for each group vii. The sum of these product terms will be the simplified duck expression 17 Continue Example a. Obtain the simplify SOP expression for the truth table 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD Simplified SOP expressionY = A B CD + ACD + BD 18 Continue b. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB ABC 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB Simplified SOP expression Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + ABC 19 Continue c. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map alternative solution C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 ecumenic Terminology for Logic Minimization Here, we define four terms to provide the basis for general lick minimization techniques These terms are implicant, visor implicant, essential blooming implicant and grasp We refer to the K-map below in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 An implicant is a product term that could be used to wipe minterms of the economic consumption In the K-map above, there are 11 implicants 5 minterms A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , ABC 5 group of two adjacent minterms AB , AC , A C , B C , BC 1 group of four adjacent mintermsC 21 Continue A bill implicant is an implicant that is not part of any other mplicant In the K-map, there are two undercoat implicant C and AB An essential superlative implicant is a autochthonic implicant that covers at least one minterm that is not cover by any other prime implicants Prime implicant AB is essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 4 Prime implicant C is to a fault essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a proceed is a set of prime implicants for which each minterm of the function is contained in (covered by) at least one prime implicant All essential prime implicants must be used in any cover of a function 22 Continue For the K-map above, the set of implicants AB , C represents a cover of the function A minimum cover contains the minimum number of prime implicants which contains all minterm in the function Consider the 4-variable K-map below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 Minimum cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB Essential prime implicants 23 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 Dont Care Conditions Some logic cir cuit will have certain(prenominal) input conditions whereby the output is unspecified This is usually because these input conditions would neer surpass In other words, we acquiret care whether the output is HIGH or starting time Consider the adjacent example An air conditioning system has two inputs, C and H C will be 1 if temperature is excessively cold (below 15C) Otherwise, it will be 0 H will be 1 if temperature is in addition hot (above 25C) Otherwise, it will be 0 create Y will be 1 if temperature is excessively cold or too hot.If the temperature is acceptable, Y will be 0 25 Continue As there are two inputs, there are 4 possible logical conditions C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just nice too hot too cold ? Input condition C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is unthinkable to be too hot and too cold at the same time We put a X at the output retards to this input condition as this input condition cannot occur 26 K-map and Dont Care Term Dont care ter m, X can be treated as 0 or 1 since they cannot occur In K-map, we can choose the put one overt care term as 0 or 1 to our advantage A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB Simplified Boolean expression Y = AB + BC + A D 27 much examples C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = ABC + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD Plotting function in Canonical Form Logic function may be expressed in many forms, ranging from simple SOP/POS expression to more complex expressions However, each of them has a unique ratified SOP/POS form If a Boolean expression is expressed in introduc tory form, it can be quickly plot on the K-map Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ABC + B CConvert to canonical SOP expression Y = ABC + B C ( A + A) = ABC + A B C + AB C 29 Continue Y = ABC + A B C + AB C Plotting the canonical SOP expression onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC Simplified SOP expression Y = B C + AC Consider plotting the following Boolean expression on K-map Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 Continue First, convert to SOP expression Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from SOP expression It is sometime too tedious to convert a Boolean expression to its canonical SOP form Consider the following Boolean expression Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B Convert to SOP form Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 Continue Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D Simplified SOP expression Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 Continue Boolean expression can be plotted on to the K-map from its SOP form crossway terms with four variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map Product term with three variables corresponds to a loop of two adjacent minterms Product term with only two variables is a quad (a loop of four adjacent minterms) Product term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eight adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + ABCD 4 cells 8 cells 34 Continue Consider the previous example Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells Both minterms are directly plotted on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is drawn on the K-map The ce lls inside the loops are filled with 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 Continue Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to SOP form Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the SOP onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD Continue Obtain the simplified SOP expression from K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Simplified SOP expression Y = AC + AD + BD 37 Continue Example redesign the logic circuit below from its simplified SOP expression A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 Continue Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39Simplification of Switching FunctionEEN1036 Digital Logic Design Chapter 4 part I Simplification of Switching Function 1 Objec tive s s s s Simplifying logic circuit Minimization using Karnaugh map Using Karnaugh map to obtain simplified SOP and POS expression Five-variable Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying Logic Circuits A A Boolean expression for a logic circuit may be reduced to a simpler form The simplified expression can then be used to implement a circuit equivalent to the original circuit Consider the following example B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 Continue Checking for common factor Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) Reduce the complement pairs to 1 Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB Draw the circuit based on the simplified expression A B C Y 4 Continue A Consider another logic circuit B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C Convert to SOP expression Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC Checking for common factor Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 Continue Simplification of logic circuit algebraically is not always an easy task The foll owing two steps might be useful i.The original expression is convert into the SOP form by repeated application of DeMorgans theorems and multiplication of terms ii. The product terms are then checked for common factors, and factoring is performed wherever possible 6 Continue Consider the truth table below A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Minterm Boolean expression Simplify to yield Y = A BC + ABC + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 If minterms are only differed by one bit, they can be simplified, e. g.A BC & ABC 7 Continue More example A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 are only differ by one bit Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean expression Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC Checking and factoring minterms differed by only by one bit Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 Continue Though truth table can help us to detect minterms which are only differed by one bit, it is not arranged in a proper way A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a tool, which help us to detect and simplify minterms graphically It is a rearrangement of the truth table where each adjacent cell is only differed by one bit By looping adjacent minterms, it is similar to grouping the minterms with a single bit difference on the truth table 9 Karnaugh Map A K-map is just a rearrangement of truth table, so that minterms with a single-bit difference can be detected easily Figure below shows 4 possible arrangement of 3-variable K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 Continue Figure below show two possible arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 0 1 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 Notice that the K-map is labeled so that horizontally and vertically adjacent cells differ only by one bit. 11 Continue The K-map for both SOP and POS form are shown below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 SOP form (minterm) POS form (maxterm) The simplified SOP expression can be obtained by properly combining those adjacent cells which contains 1 This process of combining adjacent minterms is known as 12 looping Continue Each loop of minterms will form a group which can be represented by a product term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a group, that variable is eliminated from the product term C D C D CD C DAB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 2 group 1 C D( AB + AB ) = AC D group 2 AB(C D + CD ) = ABD Simplified SOP expression Y = AC D + ABD 13 group 1 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 group 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 group 1 ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD Simplified SOP expression Y = BD group 1 C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D Simplified SOP expression Y = CD group 1 From truth table to K-map The content of each cell can be directly plot on the Kmap according to the truth table Consider the following example 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC Simplified SOP expression Y = A B + BC 15 Continue Consider the following 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD Simplified SOP expressi on Y = A C D + ABD 16 Continue Some guidelines i. Construct K-map and fill it according to the truth table ii. Only loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. Always start by looping the isolated minterms iv. Look for minterms which are adjacent to only one minterm and loop them together v. Proceed on to loop the largest possible groups, from eight minterms (octet), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi.Obtain the product term for each group vii. The sum of these product terms will be the simplified SOP expression 17 Continue Example a. Obtain the simplify SOP expression for the truth table 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD Simplified SOP expressionY = A B CD + A CD + BD 18 Continue b. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB ABC 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB Simplified SOP expression Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + ABC 19 Continue c. Obtain the simplify SOP expression from the K-map alternative solution C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 General Terminology for Logic Minimization Here, we define four terms to provide the basis for general function minimization techniques These terms are implicant, prime implicant, essential prime implicant and cover We refer to the K-map below in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 An implicant is a product term that could be used to cover minterms of the function In the K-map above, there are 11 implicants 5 minterms A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , ABC 5 group of two adja cent minterms AB , AC , A C , B C , BC 1 group of four adjacent mintermsC 21 Continue A prime implicant is an implicant that is not part of any other mplicant In the K-map, there are two prime implicant C and AB An essential prime implicant is a prime implicant that covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicants Prime implicant AB is essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 4 Prime implicant C is also essential as it is the only prime implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a function is a set of prime implicants for which each minterm of the function is contained in (covered by) at least one prime implicant All essential prime implicants must be used in any cover of a function 22 Continue For the K-map above, the set of implicants AB , C represents a cover of the function A minimum cover contains the minimum number of prime implicants which contains all minterm in the function Consider the 4-variable K-map below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 Minimum cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB Essential prime implicants 23 Continue Consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Prime implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 Dont Care Conditions Some logic circuit will have certain input conditions whereby the output is unspecified This is usually because these input conditions would never occur In other words, we dont care whether the output is HIGH or LOW Consider the following example An air conditioning system has two inputs, C and H C will be 1 if temperature is too cold (below 15C) Otherwise, it will be 0 H will be 1 if temperature is too hot (above 25C) Otherwise, it will be 0 Output Y will be 1 if temperature is too cold or too hot.If the temperature is acceptable, Y will be 0 25 Continue As there are two inputs, there are 4 possible logical conditions C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just nice too hot too cold ? Input condition C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is impossible to be too hot and too cold at the same time We put a X at the output corresponds to this input condition as this input condition cannot occur 26 K-map and Dont Care Term Dont care term, X can be treated as 0 or 1 since they cannot occur In K-map, we can choose the dont care term as 0 or 1 to our advantage A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB Simplified Boolean expression Y = AB + BC + A D 27 More examples C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = ABC + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD Plotting function in Canonical Form Logic function may be expressed in many forms, ranging from simple SOP/POS expression to more complex expressions However, each of them has a unique canonical SOP/POS form If a Boolean expression is expressed in canonical form, it can be readily plotted on the K-map Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ABC + B CConvert to canonical SOP expression Y = ABC + B C ( A + A) = ABC + A B C + AB C 29 Continue Y = ABC + A B C + AB C Plotting the canonical SOP expression onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC Simplified SOP expression Y = B C + AC Consider plotting the following Boolean expression on K-map Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 Continue First, convert to SOP expression Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from SOP expression It is sometime too tedious to convert a Boolean expression to its canonical SOP form Consider the following Boolean expression Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B Convert to SOP form Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 Continue Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D Simplified SOP expression Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 Continue Boolean expression can be plotted on to the K-map from its SOP form Product terms with four variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map Product term with three variables corresponds to a loop of two adjacent minterms Product term with only two variables is a quad (a loop of four ad jacent minterms) Product term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eight adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + ABCD 4 cells 8 cells 34 Continue Consider the previous example Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells Both minterms are directly plotted on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is drawn on the K-map The cells inside the loops are filled with 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 Continue Consider the following Boolean expression Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to SOP form Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the SOP onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD Continue Obtain the simplified SOP expression from K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Simplified SOP expression Y = AC + AD + BD 37 Continue Example Redesign the logic circuit below from its simplified SOP expression A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 Continue Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39